北京市版权局著作权合同登记号 图字：01-2021-1547 . licensed by ELI s.r.l, Italy — ELI Publishing. www.elionline.com Author: Patrizia Caruzzo Silvana Sardi The English adaptation rights arranged through Rightol Media. （本书英文改编版版权经由锐拓传媒取得） 版权所有，侵权必究。举报：010-62782989，beiqinquan@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn。 图书在版编目（CIP）数据 建筑工程英语 / 姜宏总主编；高亚妹主编. —北京：清华大学出版社，2021.4 新时代行业英语系列教材 ISBN 978-7-302-57799-7 Ⅰ. ①建… Ⅱ. ①姜… ②高… Ⅲ. ①建筑工程-英语-高等职业教育-教材 Ⅳ. ①TU 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2021）第055422号 策划编辑：刘细珍 责任编辑：刘细珍 封面设计：子　一 责任校对：王凤芝 责任印制：丛怀宇 出版发行：清华大学出版社 网 址：http://www.tup.com.cn， http://www.wqbook.com 地 址：北京清华大学学研大厦A座 邮 编：100084 社 总 机：010-62770175 邮 购：010-62786544 投稿与读者服务：010-62776969， c-service@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn 质 量 反 馈：010-62772015， zhiliang@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn 印 装 者：北京博海升彩色印刷有限公司 经 销：全国新华书店 开 本：210mm×285mm 印 张：8.75 字 数： 206千字 版 次：2021年6月第1版 印 次：2021年6月第1次印刷 定 价：55.00元 产品编号：091250-01 序 在经济全球化和国际交往日益频繁的今天，无论是作为个人还是组织的一员，参与国际交流 与合作都需要具备良好的外语沟通能力和扎实的专业技术能力。高职院校承担着培养具有全球竞争 力的高端技术人才的使命，需要探索如何有效地培养学生的行业外语能力。行业外语教学一直是职 业院校的短板，缺少合适的教材是其中一个主要原因。目前，国内大多数高职院校在第一学年开设 公共英语课程，所用教材多为通用英语教材，其主题与学生所学专业的关联度总体较低；部分院校 自主开发的行业英语教材，在专业内容的系统性、语言表达的准确性等方面存在诸多不足；还有部 分院校直接采用国外原版的大学本科或研究生教材，但这些教材学术性和专业性太强，对以就业为 导向的高职院校学生来说，十分晦涩难懂。 清华大学出版社从欧洲引进原版素材并组织国内一线行业英语教师改编的这套“新时代行业 英语系列教材”，以提升学生职业英语能力为目标，服务师生教与学。本套教材具有如下特点： 一、编写理念突出全球化和国际化 本套教材在欧洲原版引进优质资源的基础上改编而成，全球化视角选材，结合行业领域和单 元主题，关注环境保护、人口老龄化、贫困等时代难题，培养学生的国际视野和世界公民素养。单 元主题、板块编排和练习设计与国际接轨，体现国际规范和国际标准，且反映全球行业发展动态和 前景，帮助学生全面了解全球行业现状和掌握国际操作流程，夯实行业知识体系。 二、编写目标注重培养学生使用英语完成工作任务的实际应用能力 为响应高职院校外语教学改革号召，培养具有国际竞争力的高端技术人才，将外语教学目标 由原来的语言能力导向转变为职业能力导向，本套教材通过听、说、读、写、译等基本语言技能 训练，让学生完成不同行业领域的工作任务，将英语放到职场的背景中来学，放到员工的岗位职 责、工作流程中来学。 三、结构与内容紧扣行业领域的职场情境和核心业务 本套教材围绕行业核心概念和业务组织教学单元，不同单元相互关联，内容由浅入深、由易 到难，循序渐进；教材各单元主题契合行业典型工作场景，内容反映职业岗位核心业务知识与流 程。每本教材根据内容设置 8 至 10 个单元，用多种形式的语言训练任务提升学生对行业知识的理 解与应用。 序 i 四、资源立体多样，方便师生教与学 本套教材图文并茂。通过改编，在原版教材基础上每个单元增加了学习目标，明确了学生在完 成各单元学习后应该达到的知识和能力水平；增加了重点词汇中文注释和专业术语表，便于学生准 确理解行业核心概念；听力练习和阅读篇章均配有音频，并借助二维码扫码听音的形式呈现，实现 教材的立体化，方便学生学习；习题安排契合单元的主题内容，便于检测单元学习目标的实现 程度。教材另配有电子课件和习题答案，方便教师备课与授课。教师可以征订教材后联系出版社 索取。 本套教材共 10 本，包括《护理英语》《机电英语》《建筑工程英语》《运输与物流英语》 《烹饪、餐饮与接待英语》《旅游英语》《银行与金融英语》《市场营销与广告英语》《商务英语》 《商务会谈英语》，涵盖医药卫生、机电设备、土木建筑、交通运输、旅游、财经商贸等六大类专 业。建议高职院校结合本校人才培养目标，开设相应课程。 本套教材适合作为高职院校学生的行业英语教材，也适合相关行业从业人员作培训或自学教 材用。 姜宏 2021年3月31日 ii 建筑工程英语 前言 本书是基于欧洲原版教材 Flash on English for Construction 改编而成的建筑工程专业英语用书， 适用于高等职业院校土建类专业英语教学，也可供土建类专业从业人员学习参考。全书具有如下特 色： 1. 知识覆盖全面，由10单元组成，涵盖生态建筑、建筑材料、测绘与设计、建筑构造要素、 建筑施工、房屋设备系统、基础公共建筑等领域，内容深入浅出，能帮助学习者在学习建筑行业英 语的同时从专业的角度构建基础知识框架。 2. 每单元设置多项语言技能任务，覆盖听、说、读、写训练，能在巩固文本理解的同时强化 英语技能。 3. 文本附以详尽释义，厘清专业涵义，扫除理解障碍。 4. 特别设置求职应聘章节，为学习者顺利对接专业岗位提供英语语言支持。 5. 文字简洁流畅，图文并茂，有助于学习者准确理解相关内容。 本书在姜宏总主编的总体协调和指导下由高亚妹、张蓉蓉与李维维改编而成，改编过程中得 到了清华大学出版社的大力支持协助，对此深表感谢。由于编者水平所限，错误在所难免，敬请各 位读者批评指正。 编者 2021年3月1日 前言 iii Contents Unit Topic Vocabulary Skills 1 Bio- architecture . Sustainable and eco- design . Sustainable materials Reading: general definitions of bio-architecture; eco-design; sustainable design and materials Listening: eco-building in the UK; the sustainable technologies in green construction Speaking: a presentation of an example of bio- architecture p. 2 2 . Stone . Timber . Brick . Cement and concrete Traditional Building Materials Reading: stone; timber; brick; cement and concrete Listening: disadvantages of timber frame; cement and concrete Speaking: presenting the main features of traditional building materials p. 16 3 . Steel . Glass and metals . Plastics . Nanomaterials . Smart construction materials . Alternative materials . Reclaimed materials Reading: steel; glass; metals; plastics; nanomaterials; smart construction materials; alternative materials and reclaimed building materials Listening: an interview about the ecological advantages of certain plastic materials Writing: a short paragraph presenting an actual case of an architecture using modern material Modern Building Materials p. 26 4 Reading: explanation of different types of maps; the different stages when designing a project; CAD; rendering; BIM Listening: surveying and instruments; CAD Speaking: a presentation on design software . Mapping . Surveying and instrument . Sketch stage and working drawings . CAD . Rendering . BIM Measuring and Design Instruments p. 40 Building Elements Reading: basic building elements Listening: floors; staircases Speaking: explaining which kind of stairs you would choose for your home and why . Foundations . Walls . Floor . Roofs . Stairs . Windows . Doors 5 p. 52 建筑工程英语 iv Unit Topic Vocabulary Skills 6 . Construction machinery . Construction workers . Safety signals Reading: functions of some modern construction machinery; job duties of construction workers; hazards and risk on building site; safety measures Speaking: identifying protective equipment On the Building Site p. 66 7 . Plumbing systems . Electrical systems . Heating systems . Solar heating . Ventilation and air conditioning . Energy conservation . Home automation Reading: the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne waste; electrical system; heating systems; solar heating; ventilation and air-conditioning; energy conservation; home automation Listening: two types of solar panel systems; the importance of ventilation Speaking: smart technologies in homes Writing: a short essay on demand for air conditioning House Systems p. 78 8 . Urban growth . Types of settlements . Green cities . Town planning Reading: an overview on urban growth and its consequences; types of settlements; European green cities; town planning and Master Plan Listening: town planning Speaking: negative effects associated with uncontrolled urban growth; advantages and disadvantages of large urban areas Writing: a short introduction of a metropolitan area in China Urbanisation p. 94 9 . Bridges . Roads . Schools . Airports . Gardens and parks . Tunnels Reading: common public works Listening: schools; the Channel Tunnel Speaking: a short description of school buildings Writing: a short essay about a public work Public Works p. 110 Reading: a job advertisement; CV and application letter; tips for an interview Speaking: a job interview Writing: a job application email; a CV Applying for a Job 10 . Job advertisement . Application . CVs . Interview p. 122 Contents v UNIT Bio-architecture 1 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . obtain an overview of the concept of “bio-architecture”; . summarise main objectives, principles and technologies of sustainable and eco-design; . name some typical sustainable materials; . strengthen the awareness of ecosystem and sustainable development in the process of construction. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs. Find some typical examples that cause pollutions in the chart below. Type of pollution Examples air pollution carbon monoxide water pollution __________________________________________________________________ soil contamination __________________________________________________________________ noise pollution __________________________________________________________________ light pollution __________________________________________________________________ visual pollution __________________________________________________________________ radioactive contamination __________________________________________________________________ 2 Choose the best answer for each question. 1) What does “bio-” refer to in the words like “biology” “biochemistry” and “biography”? A nature B life and living creatures C animals 2) What does “eco-” mean in the words like “eco-friendly” “ecosystem” and “ecological” ? A environment B economy C energy 3) Which one is NOT the correct understanding of the word “sustainable”? A be able to continue for a long time B be able to make use of natural resources without causing harm to the environment C be able to tolerate for a long time Part 1 Bio-architecture: general definitions Reading 1 The aim of architecture has always been to create “healthy” buildings with hardly any ecological impact, but many materials used for construction have not followed this objective since the Industrial Revolution and consequent mass production. Energy consumption and the limited amount of non- renewable resources have recently had an impact on architecture. The aim of sustainable architecture is to create harmony between buildings and nature. This is done by taking into consideration four basic elements of nature: earth, water, fire and air. Earth: earthing, also known as grounding, deals with balancing the electrical fields around us. Nowadays there is a lot of electromagnetic pollution from electronic devices. By using grounding mats and other simple, effective technologies, these electrical imbalances can be limited. Water: bio-architecture aims to maintain the natural purity of water and its healthy properties as much as possible. Fire: this represents light. Bio-architects aim to design buildings that take advantage of natural light sources as much as possible. Air: the air in a room should be frequently renewed. Therefore, bio-architecture uses passive systems of ventilation where the design of a building takes advantage of natural air flow. Consequently, here are the principles on which bio-architecture is based: orientation (shading, natural illumination); ventilation, cooling and dehumidification—passive ventilation systems (such as ventilated wooden roofs); thermal insulation; protection and recovery of rainwater; elimination of heat loss; solar energy collection (for example, through bioclimatic greenhouses that collect and spread its heat). MY GLOSSARY ecological adj. 生态的 impact n. 影响 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 consequent adj. 随之发生的 mass adj. 大规模的 consumption n. 消耗；消费 non-renewable adj. 不可再生的 sustainable adj. 可持续的 harmony n. 和谐 take into consideration 考虑 earthing n. 接地 electrical field 电场 electromagnetic adj. 电磁的 device n. 装置，设施 grounding mat 接地网 maintain v. 维持 purity n. 纯净 property n. 特性，性能；财产 take advantage of 利用…… renew v. 更新 passive system 被动式系统 ventilation n. 通风 air flow 气流 orientation n. 朝向 illumination n. 照明 dehumidification n. 除湿 ventilated adj. 通风的 thermal insulation 隔热 recovery n. 回收；恢复 elimination n. 消除 heat loss 热损失 bioclimatic adj. 生物气候学的 3 Read the text and complete the sentences with the words from the box. harmony flow ecological greenhouses light electromagnetic consumption properties 1) Bio-architecture aims at reducing ___________________________ impact to a minimum. 2) Architecture is recently affected by energy ___________________________ and limited non-renewable resources. 3) Sustainable architecture creates ___________________________ between buildings and nature. 4) Electronic devices cause ___________________________ pollution. 5) Keeping the purity and health ___________________________ of water is one of bio-architecture’s objectives. 6) Bio-architecture is designed to make the most use of natural ___________________________ with proper orientation. 7) Bio-architecture takes advantage of natural air ___________________________ to ventilate buildings. 8) Bioclimatic ___________________________ is an example of solar energy collection. Part 2 Eco-design Reading 2 1) ______________________________________ The objective of new building is increasingly becoming that of searching for environmentally-friendly solutions by finding different sources of energy production and paying more attention to the materials used. 2) ______________________________________ Thanks to eco-design, the attitude towards the design of a product takes into consideration the environmental impact of it during its life cycle, which includes its manufacturing, use and disposal. Not only should the material used to create a product be taken into account, but the waste, the energy and the final emissions created and their environmental impact are also some important factors that cannot be neglected. 3) ______________________________________ The principles of eco-design used in building design and construction range from the choice of materials to the type of energy system the building will use and the disposal of the materials at the end of their useful life. For example, local materials are less expensive, their transport cost is lower and consequently CO2 emissions are also limited. Recyclable and recycled materials can be used, provided they do not create any further waste during their production or at the end of their lifetime. Renewable and unlimited sources of energy or passive energy systems are always considered (such as green roofs to insulate a building or positioning a building in order to use the sun’s rays as a heating method). MY GLOSSARY environmental-friendly adj. 环保的 life cycle 存在周期，生命周期 manufacturing n. 生产，制造 disposal n. 处理 emission n. 排放 neglect v. 忽视 range v. 包括（各种不同的人或物） recyclable adj. 可回收利用的，可再循环的 recycled adj. 再生的 provided conj. 只要，如果……的话 green roof 绿化屋顶 insulate v. 使隔热；使绝缘 ray n. 光线 4 Read the text and choose the best title for each paragraph. A New choices in materials and energy B Recent trends in building C Eco-design: a new attitude 5 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1) What are the objectives of new building? 2) What are the stages of a product life cycle? 3) What are the advantages of local materials? 4) Which are the types of energy considered? Listening 6 Listen to a reporter talking about eco-building in the UK. Match the beginnings of the sentences 1–6 with the sentence endings a–h. There are two sentence endings that you should not use. 1) Most countries are going to build according to... 2) 37% of UK developers are now choosing... 3) Less energy is used by adopting... 4) Bloomberg HQ uses... 5) The most innovative energy-saving features at Bloomberg HQ are... 6) Unusable food waste at Waitrose is converted into... a both traditional and innovative sustainability solutions. b reusable energy. c high environmental standards. d the vacuum-drainage toilets. e green design techniques and advanced technology. f cold air. g the ceiling panels. h green buildings. Part 3 Sustainable design Reading 3 The main goals in designing an environmentally-friendly building are: Reduction of energy consumption: One of the strategies used by designers to decrease the use of energy is good insulation in walls, floors and ceiling and energy efficient windows with double glazing. Another approach is to orient walls and windows so as to make the most of the use of natural light (so decreasing the use of electric lighting when daylight is available) and place trees and sun shelters in effective positions to provide shade in the summer. Another way to decrease energy costs is through the use of solar water heating, so the environmental impact of the building can be further reduced. Reduction of water consumption and protection of water quality: This can be attained through facilities that improve the collection, purification and reuse of water. Low-flow taps and ultra-low flush toilets can also be used to reduce waste water. Improving air quality and ventilation systems: Indoor air quality can be improved during the design and construction processes by choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions. The control of moisture accumulation, thanks to a well-insulated envelope and adequate ventilation, is also very important for the health of those living in a building. The choice of flooring is important too. Wood is hypo-allergenic and, by using smooth surfaces, the creation of unhealthy particles can be avoided. MY GLOSSARY strategy n. 策略 double glazing 双层玻璃 approach n. 方法 shelter n. 遮蔽物 shade n. 阴凉处 attain v. 实现 facility n. 设施 purification n. 净化 tap n. 水龙头 ultra-low adj. 超低的 flush toilet 抽水马桶 interior adj. 内部的 finish product 成品 VOC abbr. = volatile organic compounds 挥发性 有机化合物 moisture n. 水分；潮湿 accumulation n. 积累 envelope n. 围护结构 adequate adj. 充足的；适当的 hypo-allergenic adj. 不会导致过敏反应的 smooth adj. 光滑的 particle n. 微粒 7 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Can you name an efficient way to reduce the use of energy? 2) How can designers make the most of natural light? 3) How can the environmental impact of a building be further reduced? 4) How can the reduction of water consumption be attained? 5) How can the indoor air quality be improved? 6) Why is the control of moisture accumulation important? 8 Match the names in the box with the pictures and explain their functions in the building. solar water heating low-flow tap aerator insulation double glazing 1) 2) 3) 4) Listening 9 Listen and complete the text about top sustainable technologies in green construction with the words in the box. rainwater development plumbing wood recyclable wind The aim of green technology in construction is to make buildings more energy-efficient and sustainable. This objective involves all aspects of the project (1) ____________ from the structure to choice of site, design, construction materials and the systems used to run and maintain the building. Here are some of the most popular sustainable technologies used in green construction nowadays. First of all, sustainable resource sourcing is fundamental. This guarantees the use of construction materials that are (2) ____________ and can be recycled, and that are obtained from sustainable sources. Rammed earth brick, for example, is an ancient building technique that has recently become popular again. Biodegradable materials are used for foundations, walls and insulation. Sustainable construction technologies also aim to create buildings and houses with low-energy or zero-energy consumption. This starts with the choice of building materials like (3) ____________ rather than steel or concrete. It also involves the design of the building, like the positioning of windows and the building itself to maximise airflow and solar energy that provides heating and electricity. Zero-energy construction is achieved when the building is able to generate sufficient power to support its own energy needs. In most cases, (4) ____________ power technology is used to reach this goal. Water efficiency technologies include the re-use and application of efficient water supply systems like dual (5) ____________, grey water re-use and the collection of (6) ____________. MY GLOSSARY fundamental adj. 基础的 rammed earth brick 夯土砖 biodegradable adj. 可生物降解的 maximise v. 最大化 dual adj. 双的，两部分的 grey water 灰水 Speaking 10 Work in small groups. Find some typical cases of eco-building in the world and present it to the other groups. Part 4 Sustainable materials Reading 4 The growth of global population and prosperity over the last few decades has resulted in a rise in different kinds of pollution that are harmful for both the environment and our health. For these reasons, eco-design aims to create buildings with locally sourced, natural, recyclable materials that have a low impact on the environment, and where people can live in a comfortable, healthy way. This can be done by using sustainable building materials such as timber from sustainable managed forests that does not cause deforestation. Other eco-friendly materials include some typical traditional materials such as brick, stone, clay and cork; non-toxic, renewable and recyclable materials (natural paints, waxes and varnishes). Waste materials can also be used as a resource for construction purposes. Other guidelines that eco-design follows include: extraction and production of building materials locally to reduce pollution caused by transport; the building of elements in a specialised area rather than on site to reduce waste and noise and create elements of a higher quality that can also be recycled more effectively; care in the use of synthetic chemicals with rigorous testing to avoid any possible dangers to the environment or our health. MY GLOSSARY prosperity n. 繁荣 decade n. 十年 deforestation n. 滥伐森林 clay n. 黏土，陶土 cork n. 软木 non-toxic adj. 无毒的 wax n. 蜡 varnish n. 清漆 extraction n. 提取 synthetic adj. 合成的，人造的 rigorous adj. 严格的，谨慎的 11 Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) The increasing population and prosperity has created some positive 　　　　 effects on the environment and our health due to the deceasing pollution. 2) The aim of eco-design is to create buildings that have a low impact 　　　　 on the environment. 3) Some typical traditional materials such as brick, stone, clay and cork 　　　　 are eco-friendly. 4) Pollution can be reduced if building materials are extracted and 　　　　 produced locally. 5) There are no possible health or environmental dangers connected to 　　　　 the use of synthetic chemicals in the construction industry. 12 Complete the sentences with the words from the box. economic locally ecological guideline traditional forests 1) In buildings with a low _______________ impact, people can live in a comfortable, healthy way. 2) Waste is produced in every _______________ activity. 3) Timber from sustainable managed _______________ does not cause deforestation. 4) Cork is an example of a(n) _______________ eco-friendly material. 5) The use of sustainable building materials is not the only _______________ that eco-design follows. 6) Building materials should be extracted and produced _______________. 14 建筑工程英语 Technical Terms 1 Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource- efficient throughout a building’s life cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. 2 Bioclimatic greenhouse is designed that takes into account climate and environmental conditions to help achieve optimal thermal comfort inside. It deals with design and architectural elements, avoiding complete dependence on mechanical systems, which are regarded as support. For instance, the windows of a house may be placed on the southern side to take advantage of light and passive heat provided by sunshine, and also natural ventilation or mixed mode ventilation is used to take place the mechanical ventilation system. 3 Biodegradable materials break down or decay naturally without any special scientific treatment. They can be absorbed by microphages and enter metabolic and biochemical reactions, causing no harm to the environment and our health. 4 Grey water is the waste water from the laundry, kitchen, bathroom faucets, baths and showers. Recycling grey water can efficiently reduce water consumption. 5 Passive system of ventilation makes use of natural forces like the buoyancy of hot air and wind to encourage airflow through the room so that stale air can be extracted and replaced with fresh clean air. Unit 1 Bio-architecture 15 Traditional Building Materials UNIT 2 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . obtain an overview of the properties, types and uses of common traditional building materials; . make a brief comparison on the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional materials in English; . accumulate knowledge for making proper use of the traditional building materials in actual work. Starting Off 1 Look at these traditional materials and match the names with the photographs. Think about their advantages and disadvantages. stones cement timber bricks 1) __________________ 2) __________________ 3) __________________ 4) __________________ Part 1 Stone Reading 1 Stone walls are one of the oldest construction methods known to mankind. The first stone walls were made laying up stones without any mortar. With this method stones are held together by gravity. These walls are usually larger at the base. In Ireland and north-eastern UK counties this kind of wall was made by farmers to create fences. It was quite a long and labour-intensive method, but with no costs. When cement appeared, the first mortared stone walls were created, where cement paste fills the gaps between the stones. The first cements were made using burnt gypsum or lime, mixed with water. Concrete includes Portland cement mixed with sand, gravel and water, which make it resistant to cracking. To make it even more resistant, steel reinforcing bars can be added. Most stone walls today are made using this method, because it is fast and cheap. MY GLOSSARY mortar n. 砂浆 gravity n. 重力 fence n. 围栏，栅栏，篱笆 labour-intensive adj. 劳动密集型的 cement n. 水泥 paste n. 糨糊 gypsum n. 石膏 lime n. 石灰 Portland cement n. 硅酸，盐水泥 gravel n. 碎石 resistant adj. 有抵抗力的 crack v. & n. 裂开；裂缝 steel reinforcing bar 钢筋 2 Read the text and then match the two parts of the sentences. 1) The first stone walls were made a burnt gypsum or lime, mixed with water. 2) When cement appeared b to make concrete even more resistant. 3) The first cements were created using c the first mortared stone walls were created. 4) Concrete is Portland cement d without any mortar. 5) Steel reinforcing bars can be added e mixed with sand, gravel and water. Part 2 Timber Reading 2 Timber framing and conventional wood framing are two different forms of construction. Timber framed structures use fewer, larger timbers with dimensions from 15 cm to 30 cm and mortice and tenon or wooden pegs as fastening methods, whereas conventional wood- framed buildings have a greater number of timbers with dimensions from 5 cm to 25 cm, and nails or other mechanical fasteners are used to join the timbers. Today timber structures are often surrounded in manufactured panels, such as Structural Insulating Panels (SIPs). They are made up of two rigid wooden-based composite materials with a foamed insulating material inside. This method is used because these structures are easier to build and they provide more efficient heat insulation. Timber-framed construction offers a lot of advantages. It is kind to the environment (when the wood used is taken from sustainable forests) and the frames can be put up quickly. Its design is elegant and simple, and also both practical and adaptable. It can give a house character, both inside and outside. Thanks to its strength, large open spaces can be created, something which is not so easy to obtain with other techniques. It is very versatile, so timber-framed houses can also be clad with stone or brick. This offers two more advantages: the house can blend in with the surrounding area (both urban and rural) and it is very energy-efficient. Timber is also cheaper than other materials. MY GLOSSARY conventional n. 传统的 dimension n. 尺寸，规模；维(构成空 间的因素) mortice n. 榫眼，卯眼 tenon n. 榫；凸榫，榫舌 peg n. 楔子，橛子，短桩 mechanical fastener 机械紧固件 panel n. 面板 Structural Insulating Panel (SIP) 结构绝热板，可承重隔 热板 composite adj. 合成的，复合的 elegant adj. 简练的；雅致的 adaptable adj. 有适应能力的 obtain v. 实现；获得 versatile adj. 多用途的，多功能的 clad adj. 被……覆盖的 blend in 与……融为一体；与……协调 urban adj. 城市的，都市的，城镇的 rural adj. 乡下的，乡村的，农村的 3 Read the text and complete the table below. 4 Read the text again and decide if the statements about the advantage of timber- framed construction are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) It is usually environmental-friendly since the wood is from sustainable forests. 　　　　 2) It may take a long time to put up the structure. 　　　　 3) Its design can be simple but sometimes impractical. 　　　　 4) It can create large open space, which is hardly achieved by other techniques. 　　　　 5) The timber-framed house can fit in the surroundings, whether it is in the big cities or countryside. 　　　　 6) Timber costs less compared with other materials. 　　　　 Timber framing Conventional wood framing Number of timber Dimension of timber Fastening methods Listening 5 Listen to an expert speaking about the disadvantages of timber and complete it with the words and phrases from the box. Change the form according to the audio. flammable horizontally cutting down transmitter framing absorbed water Water can be (1) _________________ into the material causing it to rot and mould. fire Wood is very (2) _________________. bugs Ants and termites eat wood (3) _________________. environmental impact Producing boards and beams for timber frame construction requires (4) _________________ trees. sound Wood is an excellent (5) _________________ of sound waves so any noise inside or outside is easily heard. strength Timber frames are quite strong up and down but not as strong as other materials (6) _________________. Part 3 Brick Reading 3 Masonry construction is a method that has been used for centuries around the world. It is usually used for walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. The most frequent type of masonry is brick, but concrete block is also becoming more and more popular. Brick was one of the first building materials that man used and has been used since the times of the ancient Egyptians because it offers a great number of advantages. First of all, it has an affordable price and it is made of accessible raw material, which has long durability and good insulating properties. It is a strong material and is perfect for load-bearing systems where the loads are compressive. It is the size of a man’s hand and therefore simple to use. The appearance of the final work depends on the ability and expertise of the bricklayer. Another advantage of using brick is that, like stone, it offers increased comfort in the heat of the summer and the cold of the winter. Being heat resistant, this material also offers good fire protection. One of the disadvantages of using this material is that masonry must be built on a firm foundation to prevent settling and cracking, and in the presence of expansive soils the foundation may need to be elaborate. Moreover, this is a heavy material, consequently the structural requirements will have to be increased, especially if the area is subject to earthquakes. MY GLOSSARY masonry n. 砖石结构，砖石建筑 retain v. 保留，保持 monument n. 纪念碑 concrete adj. 混凝土的 accessible adj. 易得到的 raw material 原料 load-bearing adj. 承重的 compressive adj. 有压力的；压缩的 expertise n. 专业技能 bricklayer n. 瓦工 settle v. 下陷 expansive soil 膨胀土 elaborate adj. & v. 精心制作的；复杂 的；精心制作 subject to 易遭受……的 6 Read the text and complete the following statements about the advantages and disadvantages offered by brick. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Advantages Disadvantages . The price is (1) _________________. . Its raw material is (2) ________________ with (3) ________________ durability and good (4) _________________ properties. . The strong material is perfect to be used in (5) _________________ systems. . It is easy to handle since it is as big as a man’s (6) _______________. . It increases (7) _________________ inside the building whether it is hot or cold outside. . The material is resistant to (8) _________________ and it offers fire protection as well. . The foundation of a masonry must be (9) _________________ enough to prevent settling and cracking. . In case there is expansive soil in the region, the foundation need to be (10) _________________. . The heavy property of the material increases the structural requirement of the masonry. Part 4 Cement and concrete Listening 7 Listen to the text and complete it with the words from the box. blocks bricks concrete (x2) ingredient materials mixture walls The most common type of cement is Portland cement, which is the basic (1) ____________ of concrete and mortar. It is made of Portland cement clinker (calcium silicates, aluminium and other compounds) and other minor constituents. Portland cement clinker is produced by heating a mixture of raw (2) ____________ up to 1450° C in a kiln. There are three production stages: preparation of the raw mixture; production of the clinker; preparation of the (3) ____________. Limestone is the main raw material for the production of clinker, followed by sand, shale, iron ore, bauxite, fly ash and slag. About 2% gypsum is also added and then the (4) ____________ is pulverised. The resulting powder will react when water is added. Portland cement is commonly used to produce (5) ____________, which is made of gravel, sand, cement and water. Blocks of cinder concrete, ordinary concrete and hollow tile are known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMU). They are larger than ordinary (6) ____________ and used for applications where appearance is not very important, such as in factory walls, garages and industrial buildings. One of the advantages of concrete (7) ____________ is that they can be reinforced, grouting the voids, inserting rebar or using grout, so that they are stronger than typical masonry (8) ____________. MY GLOSSARY cement clinker 水泥熟料 calcium silicate 硅酸钙 aluminium n. 铝 compound n. 化合物 constituent n. 成分 kiln n. 窑 shale n. 页岩 iron ore 铁矿石 bauxite n. 铝土矿 fly ash 粉煤灰 slag n. 矿渣 pulverise v. 把……磨 成粉 cinder concrete 煤渣混凝土，炉渣 混凝土 hollow tile 空心砖 Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) 混凝土砌块 grout v. & n. 给……灌浆；灌浆料 void n. 空隙 insert v. 插入，嵌入 rebar n. 钢筋 8 Read the text in Exercise 7 again and choose the best alternative. 1) Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete/ aluminium. 2) The main raw material for the production of clinker is brick/limestone. 3) Portland cement is used to produce gravel/concrete. 4) Concrete Masonry Units are larger than ordinary bricks/ stones. 5) Concrete blocks can be reinforced/industrial. 6) Reinforced concrete blocks are stronger than masonry industries/walls. 9 Match the words with their definitions. 1) masonry a a mixture of cement, sand, small stones and water 2) brick b brick work 3) concrete c white rock often used for making cement 4) mortar d a mixture of sand, water and cement or lime 5) limestone e a reddish-brown rectangular block used to build walls and houses Speaking 10 Work in small groups. Each member chooses one traditional material from this unit (stone, timber, brick, cement and concrete) and describe it to the group. You can use the following information for help. — The properties of the material — Some typical constructions made of the material — Whether it is your ideal traditional construction material Technical Terms 1 A mortice and tenon joint is a connection used in timber frame, which is the main structure of ancient Chinese architecture. Mortice-tenon structure can effectively limit the torsion of wood pieces in all directions and bear huge load with relatively thin component. 2 Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) are materials consisting a high performance building system for residential and light commercial construction. The panels consist of an insulating foam core sandwiched between two structural facings. SIPs are manufactured under factory controlled conditions and can be fabricated to fit nearly any building design. The result is a building system that is extremely strong, energy efficient and cost effective. 3 Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. Monier was a Parisian gardener who made garden pots and tubs of concrete reinforced with an iron mesh. Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of metal and the compressional strength of concrete to withstand heavy loads. Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition in 1867. After that, Monier promoted reinforced concrete for use in railway ties, pipes, floors, and arches. 4 Hollow tiles are commonly made of clay and cinder ash. Due to the advantages of light weight and less raw material consumption, it is the main material of wall commonly used in the construction industry. 5 Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) is a type of rectangular block with standard size. The ordinary concrete masonry unit usually has two or three holes in it, which are sometimes called cores. These holes, or cores, serve a number of functions, including cutting weight and as an insulation factor. Also, steel rebar is often inserted into the core holes to provide added strength and stability to a concrete block load-bearing wall. On lower structures, the holes may be filled with gravel or sand for the same purpose. 6 Expansive soils can swell or shrink with changes in the environment’s water content. The soils present significant geotechnical and structural engineering challenges over the world since the damage associated with the expansive hebaviour to buildings, roads and other structures cause huge financial loss annually. Modern Building Materials UNIT 3 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . obtain a general knowledge of some modern building materials; . describe an actual case of modern architecture in English; . accumulate knowledge for making proper use of the modern building materials in actual work. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs and complete the following tasks. 1) Name some modern building materials that you can think of. 2) List some applications of the modern building materials. 3) Discuss the latest development in building materials. Part 1 Steel Reading 1 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and is resistant to corrosion, rusting and general deterioration. It can be used both for exterior as well as internal infrastructure. Compared to conventional concrete buildings, steel buildings offer a longer lifetime and they cause less harm to the environment thanks to the resistance and durability. Because steel buildings are usually pre-fabricated or made in sections and parts that are assembled on the construction site, they are cheaper than conventional buildings. The quantity of carbon contained in steel determines whether the alloy is hard or soft. Nowadays steel buildings are often appreciated for their design. In fact, the flexibility of this material allows different forms and shapes. More than any other building material, steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio. This means that it is easy and cheap to span large distances elegantly eliminating columns. Thanks to this, it is easier to subdivide and customise office and warehouse space. MY GLOSSARY alloy n. 合金 carbon n. 碳 corrosion n. 腐蚀，侵蚀 rust v. 生锈 deterioration n. 退化；变质；恶化 exterior adj. 外面的，外部的，外表 的 internal adj. 里面的，内部的 infrastructure n. 基础设施，基础建设 pre-fabricated adj. 预制的；组装的 assemble v. 组装，装配 flexibility n. 柔韧性，弹 性 strength-to-weight ratio 重量比；比强度 span v. 跨越，横跨 column n. 柱，柱形物；（书、报印 刷页上的）栏 subdivide v. 细分 customise v. 订制，订做 warehouse n. 仓库 2 Read the text and match the words to their definitions. 1) rusting a traditional and ordinary 2) flexibility b the period of time for which a building is expected to last 3) exterior c when a metal becomes reddish brown because of air and water 4) deterioration d to change the appearance or characteristics of something according to someone’s taste or needs 5) lifetime e becoming worse in quality or condition 6) customise f being bent easily without breaking 7) column g a tall, vertical post used as a support for the roof of a building or for decoration 8) infrastructure h being on an outside surface 9) conventional i the basic facilities and services that are necessary for a country or an organisation to run smoothly 3 Read the text again and complete the sentences with the words in Reading 1. 1) Steel can be used both for the __________________ and the interior __________________ of a building. 2) Steel is resistant to corrosion, __________________ and general __________________. 3) Steel buildings have a longer __________________ compared to conventional concrete building. 4) Constructing a steel building usually costs less than a(n) __________________ building. 5) Steel buildings are appreciated for their design as the __________________ of the material allows various shapes and forms. 6) It is easy and cheap to span large distances elegantly without __________________ . 7) It is easier to subdivide and __________________ office and warehouse space. Part 2 Glass and metals Reading 2 1) _________________________________________ Glass is a fashionable material in contemporary architecture. Transparent buildings and structures are very popular in contemporary architecture. Structural glass components such as columns and beams are often required, but this material seems structurally unsafe because of its brittleness. For this reason a new construction technique has been developed using: very long overlapping glass segments to create glass beams. These are made by bonding the segments adhesively; a small stainless steel profile that has been added to the layout of the glass beam to reinforce it. 2) _________________________________________ To prove that glass structures can be as safe as reinforced concrete, an experimental transparent pavilion has been designed (with dimensions 9 × 9 × 3.6 m3) that combines a number of innovative ideas. Many different kinds of glass and glass systems have been used. The outermost and the triple-layered insulating glass units have been tempered and sometimes laminated and some glass has also been coated with solar control glass to reflect some of the unwanted sunshine outwards. In other cases glass that can be heated electrically and glass panes free of iron oxide have been used to make the inside light more natural. 3) _________________________________________ Painted, stainless, hot dip galvanised and weather resistant steel, as well as aluminium, have also been used for supporting structures. Aluminium has some advantages (it is light, resistant to corrosion and easy to work) but also some disadvantages (its thermal expansion and conductivity are high and it has low elastic modulus and fire resistance). Stainless steel also offers some advantages (it has good fire resistance and it is easy to keep) but its high price is a major disadvantage. Both hot dip galvanised and painted steel are not as expensive, but they are difficult to work on site and are not resistant to corrosion. MY GLOSSARY contemporary adj. 当代的，现代的 transparent adj. 透明的 component n. 组成部分，成分 beam n. 梁 brittleness n. 脆性，脆度 overlap v. 重叠，交叠 segment n. 部分；片 bond v. （使）牢固结合 adhesively adv. 黏附地 profile n. 型材 layout n. 布置，布局 pavilion n. 展馆；亭 innovative adj. 创新的 outermost adj. 最外面的 triple-layered adj. 三层的 temper v. 使（金 属）回火 laminate v. 锻压成薄片 reflect v. 反射 electrically adv. 用电力 pane n. 玻璃窗格 iron oxide 氧化铁 hot dip galvanised 热镀锌的 weather resistant 耐候的 thermal expansion 热膨胀 conductivity n. 导电性 elastic modulus 弹性系数 painted steel 涂漆钢 on site 在(施工)现场 4 Read the text and match each paragraph with a heading. A Advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of metals B Transparent buildings: problems and possible solutions C An interesting experiment 5 Read the first two parts in the text and decide if the statements about glass are true (T) or false (F). 1) Glass is very popular in contemporary architecture. 2) There is no way to create a glass structure that is as safe as reinforced concrete. 3) A transparent pavilion has been recently designed as an experiment that uses some innovative ideas. 4) There is only one type of glass in this pavilion. 5) The solar control coated glass can reflect some unwanted sunshine outwards. T F　　　 　　　 　　　 　 　　　 　 　　　 　　　 　 6 Read the third part in the text and choose the best answer for each question. 1) Which of the following statements does not belong to the advantages of aluminum? A It is easy to work. B Its thermos expansion and conductivity are high. C It is light in weight. 2) Which of the following statements about stainless steel is NOT correct? A It has good fire resistance. B It is easy to keep. C Its price is not very high. 3) What disadvantage do hot dip galvanised and painted steel have? A They are difficult to work on site. B They are very expensive C They have resistance to corrosion. 7 Match the words and phrases with their definitions. 1) outermost a a metal made from steel that does not rust 2) stainless steel b fragility 3) galvanised c external 4) brittleness d flat sheet of glass 5) pane e coated with zinc to protect it from rust Part 3 Plastics Reading 3 Plastic materials are very versatile and are used widely in the building industry. Depending on their properties, plastics can be divided in two groups: thermosoftening plastic—becomes soft when heated so it can be shaped when hot. As it cools, it gets hard again. This process of heating and cooling can be repeated for reshaping so it is easy to recycle. thermosetting plastic—can be shaped like thermosoftening plastic, but once hardened it cannot be reshaped, so it is a resistant material. Plastic has both advantages and disadvantages and is used for many purposes in the construction industry, as you can see in the following table. Advantages Disadvantages Uses lightweight and easy to transport direct sunlight can weaken strength wall covering water resistant not suitable for load-bearing applications roofing insulation durable and strong (does not rot or corrode) flammable unless treated flooring economical and recyclable thermoplastics soften at moderate temperatures windows and door frames in PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – two types available, rigid and non-rigid versatile for different designs not all plastics are biodegradable so it can cause pollution pipes in PVC to drain waste, for natural gas distribution, rainwater, electrical and communications wiring plastic foams provide good insulation flammable, releases poisonous gas after combustion thermal insulation, panels for buildings MY GLOSSARY thermosoftening plastic 热塑性塑料 thermosetting plastic 热固性塑料 harden v. 变硬，硬化 reshape v. 改变形状，重塑 rot v. （使）腐烂 corrode v. 腐蚀，侵蚀 economical adj. 经济的；不 浪费的，节 俭的 moderate adj. 适度的，中等的 combustion n. 燃烧 PVC abbr. =Polyvinyl Chloride 聚氯乙烯 distribution n. 分送，分配 Unit 3 Modern Building Materials 33 8 Read the text and choose the correct alternatives for the sentences below. 1) When heated thermosofening plastic becomes soft/hard and can be shaped. 2) Thermosetting plastic can/cannot be reshaped once it cools and becomes hardened. 3) Thermosoftening/Thermosetting plastic can be recycled because it can be shaped repeatedly. 4) The material will be weakened if exposed to sunlight/air. 5) Plastic products are resistant to water and fire/corrosion. 6) Plastic products are suitable/unsuitable for bearing heavy loads. 7) Plastic can be applied in a variety of/a few designs. 8) Gas that plastic gives off is poisonous/harmless when on fire. Listening 9 Listen to a journalist interviewing Mr Luke Evans of Newlight Technology, a California company, which makes plastic. Then decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). 1) Newlight Technology has found a way to make low-cost plastic. 2) They have found a way to make plastic out of fossil fuels such as oil. 3) The company has been selling their new product for 11 years. 4) They are the first who figured out how to produce plastic from greenhouse gases. 5) The process consists of taking carbon emissions and transforming them into “air carbon”. 6) Their plastics are used to make chairs, cell phone cases, soap dishes and plastic bags. 7) They are optimistic about the future of their business because their products are in high demand from companies and governments all around the world. T F　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　 Part 4 Nanomaterials and smart construction materials Reading 4 Nanomaterials Nanotechnology, or “Nanotech”, is the study and manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. At the nanometre scale (approximately 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair), the chemical and physical properties of materials can be altered to produce improved traditional building materials. However, it is important to consider health and environmental issues associated with these new materials as there is the danger that mass production of nanomaterials could produce new toxins and pollutants. Here below some advantages and uses are described. Insulation: aerogel is an excellent new insulating nanomaterial full of air; heat loss can also be reduced drastically by using aerogel between windowpanes. Longer lasting concrete: carbon nanotubes can be used to fill the spaces that normally form in concrete and cause cracks. Paints: adding nanoparticles of silver to paints reduces the formation of mould and bacteria. Nanophotonic material: this cools a building by radiating heat back into space as infrared radiation. Smart construction materials These materials have a unique active property that allows them to respond to changes in their condition or the environment that surrounds them. These changes in smart materials can occur due to alterations in mechanical strain, electrical or magnetic fields, temperature, moisture, pH and light. They can therefore be used in many effective ways in the construction industry, as described below. Smart concrete: composed of carbon fibres and concrete, it can detect minute cracks in the structure and is stronger than traditional concrete. It is also used to make roads and runways at airports. Smart buildings: smart materials are used to control vibration, to keep out noise and make the building safer and more energy efficient. Seismic zones: smart materials reduce the effects of earthquakes so they are ideal for seismic zones. Identification of problems: fiber-optic sensors monitor the condition of the structure. MY GLOSSARY nanotechnology n. 纳米技术 manipulation n. 操作 atomic adj. 原子的 molecular adj. 分子的 scale n. 等级；规模 nanometer n. 十亿分之一米，毫微米 approximately adv. 大概 alter v. 改变，更改 associated adj. 与……有关 toxin n. 毒素 pollutant n. 污染物 aerogel n. 气凝胶 drastically adv. 急剧地；剧烈地 carbon nanotube 碳纳米管 nanoparticle n. 纳米颗粒 mould n. 霉 bacteria n. 细菌 nanophotonic adj. 纳米光子 的 radiate v. 辐射 infrared radiation 红外线辐射 unique adj. 独特的，独一无二的 alteration n. 改变 strain n. 拉力，张力 magnetic field 磁场 fibre n. 纤维 detect v. 发现 minute adj. 极小的，细微的 runway n. （飞机）跑道 vibration n. 震动 seismic zones 地震带 fiber-optic sensor 光纤传感器 10 Read the text and complete the sentences with words from the box. durability nanotechnology pollution air nanophotonic nanoparticles energy crack 1) Better building materials are obtained by changing the properties of materials through __________________. 2) Wide scale manufacture of nanomaterials might result in new forms of __________________. 3) The high quantity of __________________ in aerogel makes it an excellent form of insulation. 4) The __________________ of concrete is improved with the addition of carbon nanotubes. 5) __________________ of silver in paints can effectively prevent mould and bacteria from forming. 6) The temperature of a building can be reduced by using __________________ material. 7) Smart concrete is able to sense very slight __________________ in the structure. 8) Buildings constructed with smart materials consume less __________________ and have a quieter internal environment. 11 Match the verbs if they mean the same. 1) change 2) monitor 3) prevent 4) radiate 5) occur 6) detect a stop b identify c control d happen e alter f transmit Part 5 Alternative materials and reclaimed building materials Reading 5 Alternative materials Nowadays there is a variety of other alternative materials that can be used in sustainable building. Straw, made from the waste product of wheat, rice, rye and oats, is made into bales of straw for the construction of walls, and it is also an excellent insulator. In addition, straw bales are renewable, completely biodegradable cheap and easily available. However, there can be problems with rot due to the presence of moisture, so they are not suitable for construction in areas with extreme levels of humidity and rainfall. They are also expensive to transport and store because of their size, so they are only sustainable if sourced locally. Bamboo is light, so easy to transport, but also a very strong, fire resistant, versatile material that can be shaped into many forms and is widely used to support concrete. There are no health dangers connected to using bamboo and thanks to its elasticity, it is ideal for constructions in seismic zones. Reclaimed building materials Over the last few years, using reclaimed building materials and elements has become a growing trend. In this process, time must be taken to access the goods, adapt them to their new function, clean and restore them. These can be divided into two main groups. Elements that can be used again: bricks, roof tiles, joists, rainwater guttering and drainpipes, windows, doors and floors. These can all be recycled for other purposes. Demolition waste: this can be recycled to use as fill or hardcore or for road-making. Reuse on site is the cheapest option as it eliminates all costs related to supply, transport, storage or disposal. Reclaimed building materials also help the environment because demolition waste is not sent to landfill sites and the exploitation of quarries is slowed down. MY GLOSSARY alternative adj. 可供替代的 straw n. 稻草，麦秆 wheat n. 小麦 rye n. 黑麦 oat n. 燕麦 bale n. 大捆，大包 insulator n. 隔热材料 elasticity n. 弹性 reclaim v. 回收（废品）利用 trend n. 趋势 demolition n. （建筑物）拆除 fill n. 填料 hardcore n. 碎砖（石）垫层 landfill n. 垃圾填埋 exploitation n. 开采 quarry n. 采石场 12 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What are the disadvantages of straw bales as a building material? 2) Why is bamboo ideal for construction in seismic zones? 3) What two main groups can reclaimed building materials be divided into? 4) Why is it cheaper to reuse demolition waste on site? 13 Complete the sentences with the words form the text. drainpipes bales hardcore bamboo 1) Straw __________________ are sustainable if sourced locally. 2) __________________ is used to support concrete. 3) __________________ are just one of many building materials that can be recycled for other uses in construction. 4) __________________ can be made from recycled demolition waste. Writing 14 Search on the Internet for a building constructed using modern materials (steel, plastics, glass, nanotechnology, smart materials, etc.). Then write a short introduction about it. Technical Terms 1 Thermal expansion refers to the general increase in the volume of a material as its temperature increases. When a substance heats up, the particles within the matter move about, becoming more active as the temperature gets higher. Thus the particles need additional space between each other and therefore enlarge the size of a material. Normally the harder the material is, the lower thermal expansion it has. Liquids will expand more readily than solids. 2 Elasticity is a quality of a material or substance to return to its original shape, size, and condition after it has been stretched. 3 Smart materials are engineered materials that sense and react to environmental conditions or have properties that can be altered in a controlled fashion by light, temperature, moisture, mechanical force, or electric or magnetic fields. All changes are reversible, given that the materials return to their original states once the external stimulus expires. 4 Renewable materials are materials that won’t be depleted since they are typically harvested from fast-growing sources and do not require unnecessary chemical support. Examples include bamboo, flax, wheat, wool, and certain types of wood. 5 Reclaimed material refers to the material that has been previously used in a building or a project and is then reused in another project. The material might be altered, resized, refinished, or adapted, but is not reprocessed in any way and remains in its original form. This can include reclaimed lumber, flooring, tiles, beams, and other materials that are salvaged from a building under demolition or deconstruction and used in the construction of a new building. Measuring and Design Instruments UNIT 4 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify different types of maps; . obtain general knowledge about surveying instruments and the latest development; . outline the vital stages of a project designing; . list some useful design instruments and their functions. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs and discuss with your partner about the following questions. 1) What are the different types of maps? 2) Why is mapping important for construction and other trade? 3) What surveying instruments do you know? 4) What is the most popular design software? Have you ever learned any design software? Part 1 Mapping Reading 1 Mapping is the job of a mapmaker or cartographer, who puts a lot of information into a format that people can understand or learn from. There are different types of maps. Physical maps show landforms, mountains, deserts and lakes. They explain differences in elevation through hypsometric tints or changes in colour. Political maps offer cultural information about countries (such as their borders and main cities) and some physical characteristics (like oceans, rivers and lakes). Thematic maps provide information on a specific topic, like population density, the weather or natural resources. Cadastral maps are one of the oldest types of maps in history dating back to ancient Egypt. They show individual properties with details. Topographical maps show details of elevation with contour lines that help to map the landscape. Ordnance Survey maps are the most popular kind of topographical maps. They are very detailed with information for example about footpaths, boundaries and places of interest, so ideal if you need to plan a route or find your exact position. General reference maps include names of cities and towns, major roadways and natural features like lakes and rivers. Street and tourist maps are part of this group as well as the “You Are Here” maps you can find in most places. Navigational charts are maps for travelling by sea or air and include important information to avoid accidents like submerged rocks under the water. A road map is also a type of navigational map that displays roads and transport links of an area. Photogrammetry is a measurement technology that provides accurate 3D information about the location of a physical object in the environment through a series of photographic images taken from different heights. It is used in many fields such as mapping, engineering and architecture. MY GLOSSARY cartographer n. 制图员 format n. 格式，版式 landform n. 地形，地貌 elevation n. 海拔；高地 hypsometric tint 分层设色 border n. 国界，边界 thematic adj. 主题的，专题的 density n. 密度 cadastral adj. 地籍的 individual adj. 个人的 topographical adj. 地形的，地貌的 contour n. 轮廓； 等高线 landscape n. 风景 Ordnance Survey （英国）地形测绘局 footpath n. 人行道 boundary n. 边界，界限 navigational adj. 导航的 submerged adj. 在水中的，水下的 photogrammetry n. 摄影测量 accurate adj. 精确的 a series of 一系列 2 Read the text and match the words and phrases from the text to their definitions. 1) cartographer a a line that indicate the limits of an area, a dividing line 2) elevation b the average number of people living in each unit of area 3) population density c the shape or outline of an object 4) contour d height above sea level 5) landscape e a technology of obtaining geometric information on the 3D shape and orientation of objects from photographs and other imaging sensors 6) boundary f a person who draws or makes maps 7) photogrammetry g everything you can see when you look across an area of land, including hills, rivers, buildings, trees, plants, etc. 3 Read the text again and decide what information you can find in the maps below. 1) physical maps a detailed personal properties 2) political maps b detailed information about the landscape in an area, such as the footpaths, boundaries and places of interest, etc. 3) thematic maps c information on a specific theme 4) cadastral maps d physical features in a region, including landforms, mountains, deserts and lakes 5) topographical maps e information such as submerged rocks, roads and transport links which is important for travelling by sea , air or on the land 6) navigational charts f borders, cities and some physical characteristics of a country Part 2 Surveying and instruments Listening 4 Listen and complete the texts with the words from the boxes. Surveying locating measurements surveyor position construction measure elaborated accurate Surveying is the scientific method of examining in detail a piece of land in order to gather information about its size, shape and (1) __________________. The word has its origin from late Middle English where it meant “to examine closely”. Surveying is therefore very important for (2) __________________ property boundaries, construction layout and map-making as it reveals three important features of a piece of land by measuring distance, angles and elevation. EQUIPMENT Special equipment is necessary to (3) __________________ each of these three different aspects of the land. First of all, a surveyor’s level is able to identify points in the land which are of the same height. There are now automatic digital levels on the market that allow the surveyor to record these (4) __________________ in a quick, simple and accurate way both in the dark and during the day. For many years, surveyors used a focusing device called a theodolite to measure both vertical and horizontal angles. This device, an adjustable telescope mounted on a tripod, was particularly useful in the (5) __________________ of roads and tunnels. Then in the 1970s, the original theodolite was replaced with the invention of the Total Station. This device is much more (6) __________________ than the traditional theodolite. The Total Station consists of an electronic or digital theodolite, a microprocessor and an electronic distance measuring (EDM) device, providing the (7) __________________ with precise measurements. The data recorded by the Total Station can then easily be transferred and (8) __________________ on a PC. There is also a robotic Total Station version on the market that allows you to operate the device from a distance using a remote control. MY GLOSSARY angle n. 角度 surveyor’s level 测量水准器，水准仪 automatic digital level 数字水准仪 theodolite n. 经纬仪 telescope n. 望远镜 mount v. 安置 tripod n. 三脚架 tunnel n. 地下通道，隧道 Total Station 全站仪 consist of 包括 microprocessor n. 微处理器 electronic distance measuring (EDM) 电子测距 precise adj. 精准的 transfer v. 传输 robotic adj. 自动操作的 New surveying instruments function design project information establishes satellites create man-made The GPS (Global Positioning System) Total Station provides (1) __________________ about location, elevation and time anywhere in the world, through signals received from (2) __________________ in space. Surveying instruments with GPS provide 3D data, are fast and accurate, and can (3) __________________ in any type of weather. Laser scanners provide very accurate measurements in complicated environments so they are commonly used in industry. In architecture, they are useful for the interior (4) __________________ of buildings, as the scanners provide a 3D model of the space available in a room or building. Surveying involves many activities with different aims, as described below. Land surveying (5) __________________ the boundaries of a piece of land for legal and ownership purposes. Topographic surveying uses aerial photogrammetry and/or ground surveys to (6) ________________ a map of the Earth’s surface that includes natural and (7) __________________ features of the site. As-built surveying documents any changes made during construction or on completion of a(an) (8) __________________ that do not respect the original design made at the planning stage. MY GLOSSARY signal n. 信号 laser scanner 激光扫描仪 complicated adj. 复杂的 aerial adj. 空中的 as-built adj. 竣工的 respect v. 遵守，不违背 5 Choose the best answer to complete the statements. 1) Surveying can reveal three important aspects of a piece of land—distance, angle and __________________. A shape B elevation C size 2) Traditional theodolite is an adjustable __________________ that is useful when constructing roads and tunnels. A telescope B remote control C microprocessor 3) Total station can provide more __________________ measurements to surveyors. A adjustable B precise C automatic 4) Laser scanners are useful in architecture for the __________________ of the space available in a room or building. A signals B data C 3D model 5) __________________ can be used to establish boundaries of land. A Land surveying B Topographic surveying C As-built surveying Part 3 Sketch stage and working drawings Reading 2 Designing a project involves a number of vital stages: sketch design, design development and working drawing. During the design development stage all kinds of helpful information are gathered. The working drawing stage is the most demanding, because every project is unique as far as design and assembly of the parts are concerned. At this stage all the architectural drawings, schedules and specifications required for building consent are prepared. In some cases 2D or more commonly 3D formats are used to describe the building. The builders will need working drawings, consisting of plans, sections, elevations, details, schedules, specifications and other consultants’ documents. During this stage all the architectural drawings are produced using the most recent computer design software. It is important to make very precise drawings because they must conform to all the latest building standards, otherwise the council will not give building consent. Another reason is that this will help builders know as much information as possible, thus reducing their guesswork. MY GLOSSARY sketch n. 草图，（设计）方案 working drawing 施工图 vital adj. 极重要的，必不可少的 demanding adj. 要求高的；需要高技能 的 as far as … be concerned 就……而言 assembly n. 组装，装配 schedule n. 列表，一览 表；计划 （表） specification n. 规范，规程 conform to 遵守 council n. 委员会 consent n. 正式批准文件，批文 guesswork n. 猜测，猜想 6 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) The first stage when designing a project is sketch design. 　　　　 2) The specifications necessary for obtaining building consent are drawn 　　　　 up during the working drawing phase. 3) The building is commonly described in a 2D format in most cases. 　　　　 4) These documents help builders to work as accurately as possible. 　　　　 5) Building consent to start work on building depends on the accuracy of 　　　　 these drawings. Part 4 CAD Reading 3 Today, students in universities do not learn drafting techniques, they learn Computer-Aided Design (CAD) instead. But what exactly is CAD and what is it used for? CAD is a software which allows the use of computer technology for the development of design and design documentation. It is used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional space, or curves, surfaces and solids in 3D objects. CAD has a great number of applications: automotive, shipbuilding and aerospace industries, industrial (in the design of tools and machinery and throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products) and architectural design (of all types of buildings), prosthetics and also computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. Moreover, it is used for the creation of photo simulations. The objects and features created are adjustable, and modern CAD can also allow rotations in 3D so that the designed object can be viewed from any angle. Nowadays CAD systems exist for all major platforms and no special hardware is required for most CAD software (except for some systems that do graphically and computationally-intensive tasks that require a modern graphics card). The human- machine interface is usually via a computer mouse or a pen and a digitising or graphics tablet. The advantages of CAD are lower product development costs and a much shorter design cycle. MY GLOSSARY draft v. 起草 documentation n. 必备资料 curve n. 曲线 surface n. 曲面；外观 solid n. 立体图形；固体 automotive adj. 汽车的；机动车辆的 aerospace n. 航空航天 conceptual adj. 概念的 prosthetics n. 假体 animation n. 动画 advertising n. 广告活动 manual n. 手册 simulation n. 仿真，模拟 rotation n. 旋转，转动 platform n. 平台 computationally-intensive adj. 计算密集型的 interface n. 界面 via prep. 凭借，通过 graphics tablet 绘图板 7 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What does CAD stand for? 2) What is CAD exactly? What is it used for? 3) Can you name a few CAD applications? 4) Is there any need for special hardware if you use CAD? 5) Can you explain what the “human-machine interface” is? 6) What are the main advantages of this design program? Listening 8 Listen to Tony Davies talking about CAD and complete the sentences with the words in the box. interior process designs components technology software 1) CAD is the designer use of computer __________________ for the design of objects. 2) It is generally used by product designers, engineers, architects and __________________ decorators. 3) CAD is mainly used for the detailed engineering of physical __________________. 4) It is also used for the whole of the engineering __________________, from theoretical design to the layout of products. 5) CAD allows the __________________ to be viewed from any angle and it can be quite helpful as texture and colours can be easily manipulated. 6) No special hardware is required for most CAD __________________. Part 5 Rendering and BIM Reading 4 Rendering Rendering means computer-generated graphics. It is an engineered program, based on disciplines connected to optics, visual perception, mathematics and software development. It is a method used by architectural illustrators to create three-dimensional images or animations from a virtual model thanks to computer software. These images or animations show the characteristics of a planned architectural design. Rendering software can be used to create life-like images for presentation, marketing and design analysis. It is used in architecture, video games, movie and TV visual effects, and also in real estate sales. There is a wide range of different kinds of renderers. They may be integrated into modelling and animation packages, stand-alone, or be free open-source projects. In the case of 3D graphics, pre-rendering is used for creating films, whereas real-time rendering is often used in producing 3D video games. BIM BIM (Building Information Modelling) is a digital 3D model-based process that provides everyone in a construction team project with the necessary information to plan, design, construct and manage buildings more efficiently. BIM is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a building and includes information about every component that goes into a project. BIM also offers many advantages. Having just one database, means that everyone involved in the project has easy access to the information that can be constantly updated. Database storage also eliminates the need for the manual production of other design documents like schedules, coloured diagrams, drawings and 3D models. Therefore BIM is fast and accurate and saves both time and money. BIM can be used to create not only 2D drawings and 3D models but also models that include other elements such as time and cost, and information about the functionality and design of the building. MY GLOSSARY rendering n. 渲染 compute-generated adj. 计算机生成的 discipline n. 学科；纪律 optics n. 光学 visual perception 视觉感知 illustrator n. 插图画家 virtual adj. 虚拟的 life-like adj. 逼真的 real estate 房地产，不动产 a wide range of… 范围广的；各式各 样的 renderer n. 渲染器 integrate v. 合为一体 package n. 软件包 stand-alone adj. 独立的 open-source adj. 开放源 代码的，提供源程 序的 pre-rendering n. 预渲染 real-time rendering 实时渲染 3D model-based 基于3D模型的 database n. 数据库 update v. 更新 storage n. 储存 eliminate v. 淘汰；消除 manual adj. 用手操作的 diagram n. 图表 functionality n. 功能，功能性 9 Read the text and complete the sentences. Rendering is (1) _________________________ used by architectural illustrators. Architectural illustrators use it to create (2) _________________________ or animations. Rendering software is used for (3) _________________________ and design analysis. (4) _________________________ is used for the production of 3D video games. BIM stands for (5) _________________________. BIM provides information necessary for the efficient design, (6) _________________________ and (7) _________________________ of buildings. This information is used and updated by (8) _________________________ in the building project. There is no need to produce design documents by hand as all the information is stored in the one (9) _________________________. Apart from 2D and 3D models, BIM can also create models with information about the (10) _________________________ and design of the building. Speaking 10 What design software have you learned? Do you know other design software you’d like to share with the class? Make a short oral presentation about it. Technical Terms 1 GPS (Global Positioning System) is a global navigation satellite system that provides synchronisation of position, speed, and time though satellites, a receiver, and algorithms. GPS is a powerful and reliable tool to prepare accurate surveys and maps, to measure time, track position or location accurately, and to navigate. It can be used for cartography, forestry, mineral exploration, wildlife habitation management, monitoring movement and bringing precise timing to the world. 2 Ordnance Survey is Great Britain’s national mapping agency. It provides accurate and up-to- date geographic data. 3 Architectural illustrators are artists to put complex concepts or objects into graphical form. They use artwork to turn small details into visual renderings. This field is based on the plan, design, and construction of numerous structures. Illustrations created are typically two- or three- dimensional and may include images or animations. Technical draftsmanship and precise use of visual perspective are often prominent features in architectural illustration. 4 Working drawings are the drawings intended for contractors, subcontractors, or fabricators, who form part of the contract documents for a building project which contains the necessary information to manufacture or erect an object or structure. 5 Design drawings are the drawings made to aid in the visualization, exploration, and evaluation of a concept in the design process. They include sketch, detail, rendering, etc. UNIT Building Elements 5 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify basic elements in a building structure; . obtain an overview of the structure, components and functions of the building elements; . make a brief description of some building elements in English. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions with your partner. 1) What are the basic elements in a building structure? 2) What are the functions of these elements? 3) What is your ideal house like? Part 1 Foundations Reading 1 The foundations, walls, floor, stairs and roof are some of the building elements that all types of building have in common. Foundations are structures that transfer weights from walls and columns to the ground. There are two types of foundations: shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are usually embedded a metre into the soil, whereas deep foundations are embedded more in depth. They are recommended in case of very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth or site constraints, such as property lines. There are different types of deep foundations and they can be made of timber, steel and reinforced or pretensioned concrete. Geotechnical engineers design foundations to ensure that they have an adequate load capacity with limited settlement. When designing foundations, it is also important to consider scour (when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation) and frost heave (when water in the ground freezes and forms ice lenses). MY GLOSSARY in common 共有；相同 shallow adj. 浅的 embed v. 把……牢牢地嵌入(或 插入、埋入) whereas conj. 然而，但是 recommend v. 建议，推荐 in case of 万一，如果，假使 design load 荷载设计值 constraint n. 限制 property line 建筑红线 pretensioned concrete 预（拉）应 力混凝土 geotechnical adj. 岩土工程技术的 load capacity 承载能力 scour n. （雨水）冲刷 remove v. 移走，去掉 supporting soil 持力土层 frost heave （土壤）冻胀 ice lens 冰冻层 2 Read the text and complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD for each answer. Foundations Definition Structures that transfer the weight to the (1) __________________ Types . Shallow foundations —Depth: one (2) __________________ into the soil . (3) __________________ foundations —Best applied in case of: a large design loads b poor soil at (4) __________________ depth c (5) __________________ constraints (e.g. property lines) —Material: timber, steel, reinforced or pretensioned (6) __________________ Problems to consider . adequate load capacity with limited (7) __________________ . scour . (8) __________________ heave Part 2 Walls Reading 2 Building walls support the superstructures of building (roofs and ceilings), separate space and give protection against intrusion and the weather. They usually have about three separate components: structural elements, insulation, finish elements or surface. Walls can be loadbearing or non loadbearing depending on their providing structural support to the building or not. Exterior loadbearing walls carry ceiling, roof or upper floor loads to the foundation. Some bearing walls are inside buildings: they support joists at mid span and transfer loads down to the foundation. Usually conventional house walls have an inner wooden framework that may support part of the house, but does not support wall coverings, windows and doors. It contains electrical wiring, plumbing, insulation, and other utilities. MY GLOSSARY superstructure n. 上部结构建筑 intrusion n. 侵入，闯入 depend on 取决于 joist n. 托梁 mid span 跨距中点 framework n. 构架，框架 covering n. 覆盖层，覆盖 物 electrical wiring 电线 plumbing n. 管道系统 utility n. 服务设施 3 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) Walls can define and protect areas, support the superstructures of 　　　　 buildings and delineate a space. 2) There are two kinds of structural walls. 　　　　 3) Exterior boundary walls give protection against intrusion and weather. 　　　　 4) Loadbearing walls can only be exterior walls. 　　　　 5) Conventional house walls usually contain electrical wiring or plumbing. 　　　　 Part 3 Floors Listening 4 Listen to the text and complete it with words from the box. electrical wood surface covering underfloor strength Floor structure contributes to the general (1) __________________ of the building system. It is formed of a steel I-beam frame with a horizontal upper (2) __________________ to which a number of adjacent composite floor panels is fastened firmly. Floors consist of a subfloor for support and a floor (3) __________________ used to give a good walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has (4) __________________ wiring, plumbing, and may provide other services built in, like (5) __________________ heating. There is a wide variety of floor covering materials: carpet, ceramic tiles, (6) __________________ flooring, laminated wood or stone. MY GLOSSARY contribute v. 贡献，出力；有助于 I-beam n. 工字钢梁 adjacent adj. 邻近的，毗连的 fasten v. 固定，扣牢 subfloor n. 地面（楼面） 基层 a variety of 多种 ceramic adj. 陶瓷的，陶制的 laminated wood 胶合板；层压木板 Part 4 Roofs Reading 3 Roofs can be divided in cut roofs, where a carpenter measures, cuts and places every length of wood needed for the frame; and fixed roofs, made of pre-built and assembled trusses. Trusses are custom-designed by computer so as to adapt to the typical weather conditions of the house. As they generally rest only on outside walls, they leave the inside free to move walls and to accommodate different room sizes. When the frame of the roof is ready, a waterproof membrane is placed over it and it is held in place by battens (long pieces of wood) that are nailed into the truss and are the supporting system for the tiles. Tiles are then nailed to the wood. The top of the roof is finished off with ridge tiles that cover both sides of the roof’s top row of tiles. Then the end of the wood at the bottom of the roof is covered by a fascia. The fascia allows air to flow safely through the membrane. To take away the water from the building, guttering is attached to the fascia. As heat can go straight out of the roof, insulation is also necessary. When designing the roof structure it must be remembered that all the load on the roof has to be transferred to the supporting beams, bearing walls, building foundation and the earth. MY GLOSSARY carpenter n. 木工 length n. 长度 truss n. 桁架 custom-designed adj. 专门设计的，定做 的 adapt to 适应；适合 accommodate v. 容纳，为……提供 空间 waterproof membrane 防水膜 batten n. 板条， 压条 nail v. （用钉子）钉牢 ridge tile 脊瓦 fascia n. 封檐板 guttering n. 檐沟，雨水槽，排 水系统 5 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) A fixed roof is made with wood specifically measured, cut and fixed for the frame. 　　　　 2) Trusses are designed to adapt to the typical weather conditions of the house. 　　　　 3) Battens are long pieces of wood supporting the tiles. 　　　　 4) The top of the roof is finished off with a waterproof membrane. 　　　　 5) Then the end of the wood at the bottom of the roof is covered by the guttering. 　　　　 6 Match the words from the text to their definitions. 1) frame 2) waterproof 3) nail 4) tile 5) guttering a a hollow wooden or metal structure normally used for windows b the fix or attach using a hammer and long, small pieces of metal c not allowing liquid to pass through it d channels on the lower edge of a roof e flat kind of covering put together to cover walls or floors Unit 5 Building Elements 59 Part 5 Stairs Speaking 7 Work in pairs. Describe the stairs in pictures A-F using the information in the text and explain which kind of stairs you would choose for you home. Staircases are powerful design elements and an opportunity for creative expression. They can be spiral (twisting around a centre pole with steps radiating out of it), straight (they stretch from lower to upper level in one straight run), circular (sweeping in a broad curve from one level to another) or they can have other shapes. They can be wide or narrow, steep or gradual, return (dividing the run, reversing direction180 degrees at a landing) or “L” stairs (making a 90 degree turn at a landing). Their design is influenced by their function and their style varies according to how their parts are built and combined. Staircases are built according to rules that are important for safety, indicating the heights of risers, depth and width of treads and placement of handrails. The first measurement to take when building a staircase is the distance between the two finished floors. This determines the height of the staircase. Its riser must not exceed 22 cm in residential buildings. The average width is 80 cm, and anyway it should not be less than 60 cm. A B C D E F MY GLOSSARY creative adj. 创意的，有创造力的 spiral adj. & n. 螺旋形的； 螺旋形 twist v. 旋转 pole n. 柱子 stretch v. 延伸，伸出 run n. 一段（距离）；一跑（楼梯） circular adj. 圆形的，环形的 sweep v. 蜿蜒，延伸，绵延 steep adj. 陡的；急剧的 gradual adj. 平缓的 reverse v. 颠倒 landing n. 楼梯平台；降 落 indicate v. 显示，表明 riser n. （台阶或楼梯的）竖板， 立板 tread v. （台阶或楼梯的）踏步 板，梯面，踏面 placement n. 安置，放置 handrail n. 扶手 exceed v. 超过 residential adj. 住宅的 Listening 8 Listen to an expert talking about staircase and complete the text with the words and phrases from the box. centuries glass sides stone steps sculptural circular feature viewing We all probably frequently use staircases and don’t even notice this miracle of architecture that has been part of our daily lives for (1) __________________. Indeed, they have existed from about 6000 BC and there are many spectacular staircases all over the world both outside and indoors. If you go to the jungle in Ecuador, you can admire the Canyon Staircase that is situated near a famous waterfall called Paílón del Diablo (in English, Devil’s Cauldron) on the Pastaza River. This staircase made of (2) __________________ on the cliff lets you get really close to the force of the water as it tumbles down the cliff into a pool below and is a great tourist attraction. Spiral staircases have been around for centuries too. They are always a special (3) ________________ of a building and are still used in modern architecture today. One example is the spiral staircase inside the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Australia. This amazing spiral staircase is the centrepiece of the building and was constructed in this way to save space. The design of this white, six-storey staircase has (4) __________________ and chrome railings that fit in perfectly with the modern décor of the building. Nowadays, architects are experimenting more and more with staircase design, taking advantage of their (5) __________________ potential as they try to fight the trend of high-speed lifts. At the 2013 London Design Festival, one of the biggest attractions was 15 interlocking staircases designed by architects De Rijke Marsh Morgan (drMM). The (6) __________________ timber structure was erected in front of the Tate Modern art gallery. Although this surreal staircase actually led nowhere, it served as an excellent (7) __________________ platform overlooking the Tate Modern and the Thames. The spiral staircase, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Australia The Canyon Staircase, Ecuador The Endless Stair, London MY GLOSSARY sculptural adj. 雕刻的 miracle n. 奇迹；精品 spectacular adj. 壮观的，令人惊叹的 jungle n. （热带）丛林 Ecuador n. 厄瓜多尔 canyon n. 峡谷 situate v. 位于 waterfall n. 瀑布 devil n. 恶魔，魔鬼 cauldron n. （小说及童话故事中巫 师用以施符咒的）大锅 cliff n. 悬崖 tumble v. 滚落，暴跌 tourist attraction 旅游胜地 centrepiece n. 最重要的项 目（或物品） chrome n. 铬；铬合金 railing n. 围栏，栏杆 décor n. 装饰 potential n. / adj. 潜力，可能性，可能的， 潜在的 interlocking adj. 紧密连接的 erect v. 建立，竖立，搭起 surreal adj. 超现实的，离奇的，梦幻 般的 overlook v. 俯视；眺望 tate Modern （英）塔特现代美术馆 the Thames 泰晤士河 Part 6 Windows Reading 4 9 Read the text and underline the correct alternative. The first windows date back to the 13th century BC, when they were simply an opening in the roof without glass. Then gradually these windows were (1) covered/discovered with animal hide, cloth or wood. The Romans were the first known to use glass. Over the years, techniques improved to produce thinner rectangular window panes. Most modern windows are made from industrial plate (2) glass/wood, but there are some also made with transparent plastic. Thermal and acoustic insulation are achieved by double-glazing. Further steps in technology have led to the production of (3) dull/smart windows. The light transmission (4) properties/qualities of the glass in these windows can let light in or block it. Windows in general come in different styles. Here are just some of them. Cross window: a rectangular window divided into (5) three/four by a vertical support and a horizontal support. Sash window: made up of two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly. It is the traditional window used in the UK. Casement window: this has a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door. Bay window: this type of window extends outwards from the main walls of a (6) builder/building. MY GLOSSARY hide n. 皮毛 rectangular adj. 长方形的，矩形的 acoustic adj. 声音的，原声的 transmission n. 传送，传递 sash window 垂直推拉窗 casement window 平开窗 hinge n. 合叶；铰 链 swing v. 呈弧线移动 bay window 凸窗 Part 7 Doors Reading 5 Doors are often an integral part of the identity of a building and each era is characterised by specific types of doors. Here are some types. External doors: usually made of a hard, resistant, semi-permeable material like wood, steel or fiberglass. Solid wood doors: most popular standard material used for external doors. Different kinds of wood can be used but the most popular are oak, fir and pine. If not made properly, wood doors can warp if they get damp. Fiberglass doors: ideal for humid climates because they are warp resistant. Interior doors: made of many different materials like wood, with glass panes or even stainless steel. Interior doors also serve to control ventilation. Here are just some external and interior doors that are available on the market. Saloon doors: the kind of swing doors you see in westerns, found in public bars and cafés. Security door: made from strong steel and used for vaults and safe rooms. Sliding glass doors: usually made of a structure with one fixed and one mobile glass panel that slides along a track. They can be made of different materials and are commonly used for wardrobes. Revolving doors: consist of three or four doors that hang on a central shaft that rotate around a vertical axis. These are used for shops and public buildings. Automatic doors: open automatically when someone approaches, and close again. MY GLOSSARY integral adj. 必需的，不可或缺的 era n. 时代 semi-permeable adj. 半渗透的 fiberglass n. 玻璃钎维 oak n. 橡木 fir n. 杉木 pine n. 松木 warp v. 变形，扭 曲 humid adj. 温暖潮湿的 vault n. 金库，保险库 sliding adj. 滑动的 wardrobe n. 衣柜 revolving adj. 旋转的 shaft n. 杆；轴 axis n. 轴 automatic adj. 自动的 approach v. 靠近 10 Read the text and choose the correct alternative for each sentence. 1) External solid doors can warp/crack due to dampness. 2) The best material for external doors in humid climates is steel/fiberglass. 3) Interior doors can affect humidity/ventilation inside a building. 4) Vaults and safe rooms/public bars have security doors made from strong steel. 5) Revolving doors/Sliding doors are usually applied in wardrobes. 6) Automatic doors rotate/open when someone is coming close to it. Technical Terms 1 Property line is the legal boundary to determine a unit of real state. 2 Design load is the maximum amount of stress that can be put on a structure in architecture and engineering. 3 Frost heave is a section of ground or pavement that has been pushed up by the freezing of water in the soil. 4 Landing or platform (for staircase) is the area of a floor near the top or bottom step of a stair. An intermediate landing is a small platform that is built as part of the stair between main floor levels and is typically used to allow stairs to change directions, or to allow the user a rest. 5 The railing system consists of railings or handrail and balusters. It can prevent people from falling over the edge. 6 Semi-permeable material is a material allowing passage of certain, especially small, molecules or ions but acting as a barrier to others. It is usually used for biological and synthetic membranes. 7 Fiberglass is a material made up of very fine fibers of glass. It is resistant to heat and fire and is used to make various products, such as building insulation. Because the fibers in fiberglass are capable of transmitting light around curves, fiberglass is an important component of fiber optics. On the Building Site UNIT 6 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify common construction vehicles and their main functions; . obtain an overview of construction workers’ job duties; . recognise common hazards and risks on the building site; . learn some necessary safety measures on the building site; . strengthen occupational safety awareness. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs and discuss the following tasks with your partner. 1) Name some construction vehicles you can see on the building site and explain their functions. 2) Name some positions for construction workers. 3) List some potential hazards and risks on the building site. 4) List protective equipment a construction worker is required to wear on the building site. Part 1 Construction machinery Reading 1 A tower crane is used to build tall buildings. Its short arm carries a counterweight of concrete blocks and its long arm carries lifting gear. The operator can sit in a cabin at the top of the tower just below the horizontal boom or control the crane by radio remote control from the ground. The lifting hook is controlled by a system of sheaves. Digging machines are used for digging trenches for subterranean utility lines, storm sewers, etc. They use a vehicle (such as a front loader) and digging implements (such as a bucket-style backhoe or a rotary digging one). The rotary digging instruments use a rotating structure that is rotated along an elongated path. A concrete mixer (or cement mixer) mixes cement aggregate (such as cement or gravel) and water to form concrete. There are also portable concrete mixers for smaller volume work. Dump trucks are commonly used to transport loose materials, such as gravel, 2) 1) 3) sand, bricks and dirt, to and from construction sites. Once a dump truck reaches its destination, the front side of the dump box is pushed up by hydraulic cylinders. Then the material will be dumped onto the ground. A bucket loader is a tractor with a bucket in the front. A lift-arm assembly raises and lowers the bucket so that loose materials can be scooped or dumped. A concrete pump truck is a large, diesel-powered truck with a powerful pump and an extendable, sectioned hose. The ready-mixed concrete is dumped from a concrete mixer into the truck as the pump is running. Then the concrete is moved from the pump truck to the form or area where it is needed. 4) 5) 6) MY GLOSSARY crane n. 吊车，起重机 counterweight n. 平衡物 gear n. 装置；齿轮 cabin n. 舱室，小屋 boom n. 动臂；激增；繁荣 lifting hook 吊钩 sheave n. 滑轮 trench n. 沟，渠 subterranean adj. 地下的 storm sewer 雨水管道 vehicle n. 车辆 loader n. 装载机 implement n. 工具 bucket n. 铲斗 backhoe n. 反铲 rotary adj. 绕轴转动 的 elongated adj. 细长的，拉得又细又长 的 aggregate n. 骨料，集料 portable adj. 便携式的，手提的，轻 便的 loose material 松散料 destination n. 目的地 hydraulic cylinder 液压缸 dump v. 倾倒，倾卸；丢弃 scoop v. （用勺子）舀出，挖出 pump n. 泵 diesel n. 柴油 extendable adj. 可延伸的 hose n. 软管 2 Read the text and label the pictures with the words in the text. 3 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1) What is a tower crane used for? How does it work? 2) What are digging machines used for? 3) What does the concrete mixer mix? 4) What does a dump truck transfer on the construction site? 5) How does the bucket of the loader work? 6) How is the concrete transferred to the designated areas by a pump truck? 4 Find the words in the text for the following definitions. 1) a person who is employed to operate or control a machine __________________ 2) a bent piece of metal or plastic that is used for catching or holding things, or for hanging things up __________________ 3) an underground pipe that is used to carry waste matter and rain water away __________________ 4) operated by liquid moving under pressure __________________ 5) small enough to be easily carried or moved __________________ 6) a large container that is part of a crane or a digging machine to lift, scoop or carry things __________________ 7) a long and flexible pipe made of rubber or plastic __________________ 8) a place to which someone or something is going or being sent __________________ Part 2 Construction workers Reading 2 Apart from supervisors, a construction crew is mainly composed of construction workers. They take on a wide range of tasks on the construction sites ranging from very basic ones to highly (1) __________________ ones. Their typical jobs may include the following: Loading or (2) __________________ building materials to be used in construction; operating or (3) __________________ equipment and machines, such as pavement breakers, concrete mixers, pumps, compressors or generators; assisting with erecting and disassembling barricades, scaffolds or other (4) __________________ structures; digging trenches, backfilling holes, or compacting earth to prepare for construction; cleaning and removing trash or (5) __________________ from construction sites. With professional training and long-time practice, some workers can be qualified for more specialized positons that demands complex skills and (6) __________________. Based on their specialties, they work as electricians, carpenters, painters, bricklayers, tile and marble setters, painters, plasterers, cement masons, pipe layers, roofers, etc. Either general or specialised, construction workers are active on all the building sites, contributing to the completion of the project. MY GLOSSARY supervisor n. 管理者；监督者 crew n. 专业团队 pavement breaker 路面破碎机 compressor n. 压缩机 generator n. 发电机 assist v. 帮助，协助 disassemble v. 拆卸 barricade n. 路障 scaffold n. 脚手架 backfill v. 回填 compact v. 把……压实 trash n. 废物，垃圾 specialty n. 专长 plasterer n. 抹灰工 mason n. 泥瓦工 roofer n. 屋顶工 5 Read and complete the text with the words form the box. tending unloading debris temporary skilled crafts Part 3 Health and safety Reading 3 (1) __________________ At a construction site, there are numerous objects and pieces of equipment that obstruct walkways or lie around working places, creating an unorganised working environment. It is not uncommon for workers to trip over these objects during their work. This is probably the most common cause of workers’ injury. (2) __________________ Construction workers who work from ladders and scaffolding are always at a risk of falling off. Many scaffolding incidents come from failure to be assembled or used correctly. Fatalities and injuries involving working at height account for many accidents each year. (3) __________________ If a worker handles the electric tools incorrectly or is exposed to electricity leakage without protective equipment, he or she will probably get shocked and suffer serious injuries. (4) __________________ At construction sites, object falling from great height poses a deadly threat. With construction workers working around the site, it is not rare that someone may be struck by falling objects. (5) __________________ Vehicles, including heavy moving objects such as cranes and trucks, can lead to disastrous accidents if not operated properly. Many construction workers work in close proximity to moving traffic. Even though there are warning signs along the road, the collision may occur due to lack of safety awareness. (6) __________________ A construction site is often replete with flammable materials, utilities, cables and wires that can catch on a fire. Explosions and fires at construction sites often produce serious consequences as it breaks out in a moment and may affect a large number of workers around. The improvement of safety, health and working conditions depends upon governments, managers, supervisors and workers. Construction and maintenance of safety facilities, installation of safety signs, testing of lifting machinery, emergency and evacuation plans must all follow precise safety procedures. The aim of all this is to avoid accidents and ill health by eliminating potential dangers. The materials, equipment and tools on the site should also meet some safety standards. The main safety measures involve: Work platforms: every work platform must be provided with safe access and have enough strength to bear the load placed on it. It must also be secured to avoid separation from the supporting structure to which it is attached. Scaffold stability: scaffolds must be assembled with the vertical members plumb and be secured to a building if their height is over 3 times their minimum base dimension. Their bases must have bearing plates resting on a solid surface and strong enough to support their weight. Electrical safety: Workers should maintain safe distance from utilities such as power lines and be trained adequately on electrical hazards. Ensure tools are double-insulated and scaffold should be grounded if it is situated near a high voltage source. Height safety: Fall protection devices such as personal fall arrest systems, guardrails and safety nets must be equipped for work at height. It is also necessary to inspect all these items thoroughly before and after use. MY GLOSSARY obstruct v. 阻挡 trip over 绊在障碍物上而跌跤 fatality n. （事故或暴力导致的） 死亡 expose v. 使暴露于（险境） proximity n. 接近，临近 collision n. 碰撞事故 replete adj. 充满 maintenance n. 维护，维修 installation n. 安装；设施 emergency n. 突发事件，紧急情况 evacuation n. 疏散，撤离 procedure n. 步骤，程 序，手续 stability n. 稳定（性），稳固 （性） secure v. 拴牢，扣紧 bearing plate 承重板，支承板 hazard n. 危险，危害 double-insulated adj. 双重绝缘的 voltage n. 电压 6 Read the text and match each paragraph with a title. A Falling objects B Slip and fall accidents C Electrocution D Fires and explosions E Vehicle hazards F Fall from heights 7 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What do site safety procedures concern? 2) What should also meet some safety standards? 3) What is the main aim of these measures? 4) What must every work platform be provided with? Why must it also be secured? 5) How must scaffolds be assembled? What must their bases have? 6) When must a scaffold be grounded? 8 Match the safety signs below with their right explanations. Provide more examples if possible. 1) danger: high voltage 2) harmful or irritating substances 3) inflammable substances 4) mandatory safety helmet 5) protective footwear required 6) no unauthorised entry 7) protective gloves required 8) suspended loads 9) wear safety harness B A C D F E I H G Unit 6 On the Building Site 75 Speaking 9 Work in pairs. Identify the protective equipment the worker is wearing and explain how these items will protect the worker’s safety and health. 1) 6) 7) 2) 8) 3) 9) 4) 10) 5) Technical Terms 1 Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) is a system used to arrest a worker in a fall from a walking- working surface. It consists of a body harness, anchorage, and connector. Body harnesses are meant to protect employees while working in a positioning, fall restraint, or fall arrest mode. They evenly distribut the forces throughout the body and suspend workers upright after a fall. There are two primary types of anchors: permanent and temporary. Each is used for the same purpose, but temporary anchors are used in locations where a worker does not go often. Connectors shall be used to complete a PFAS system. 2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a main source of protection for workers from physical, chemical and biological hazards. Main protective equipment includes respirators, eye protection, hearing protection and protective clothing. The requirement on the use of PPE changes depending on different hazards on the actual occasion. Unit 6 On the Building Site 77 UNIT House Systems 7 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . list the basic composition of house system; . explain the objectives of house system; . list the methods of energy conservation; . give a brief explanation of home automation. Starting Off 1 Match the photos with the words and phrases from the box and describe their function. boiler portable space heater radiator thermostat 1) ___________________ 3) ___________________ 2) ___________________ 4) ___________________ 2 Label the pictures with the phrases in the box. Do you know the difference between the two systems? solar thermal system solar photovoltaic systems 1) 2) Part 1 Plumbing systems Reading 1 The plumbing system, consisting of pipes and fixtures, concerns the distribution of tap water and the removal of waterborne waste in a building. Plumbing installation must follow some regulations to ensure safe, quality construction. Water systems of ancient times used pipes or channels made of clay, lead or stone. Today water supply systems use high pressure pumps and pipes made of non-toxic materials, such as copper, brass, steel, cast iron and plastic. The domestic hot water supply is provided by means of water heater appliances, or through district heating. Used water and wastes are carried away by the drainage, waste and vent system. MY GLOSSARY fixture n. 固定设施（如房屋内 安装的浴缸或坐便器） waterborne waste 流动性废弃物 lead n. 铅 non-toxic adj. 无毒的 copper n. 铜 brass n. 黄铜 cast iron 铸铁 appliance n. 电器 drainage n. 排水，排水系统 vent n. 排气孔，通风孔 3 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What does a plumbing system consist of? 2) What materials were used in water systems of ancient times? 3) What materials are used in water systems today? Part 2 Electrical systems Reading 2 An electrical system includes the electrical service, lighting outlets and hard-wired appliances. The electrical service is usually between 100 and 200 amps. Electrical lines run from the street to a meter box (situated outside the house), then to the electric panel board which contains the switches to control the electricity in each room of the house. It is there that the amps are divided up across circuits to supply the different areas of the house with electricity. Electrical systems must follow a number of safety measures including, for example, circuit breakers, ground fault circuit interrupters and smoke alarms. If you have specific needs, you can ask your electrician for advanced wiring systems, which may also include modern computer lines to help you work at home. MY GLOSSARY lighting n. 照明 outlets n. 插座 hard-wired adj. 硬接线（传统的接 线方式）的 amp n. 安培（电流单位） meter box 电表箱 electric panel board 配电箱 switch n. （电路的）闸，开关 circuit n. 电路，线路 circuit breaker 断路器，断路开关 ground fault circuit interrupter 漏电保护器 4 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) An electrical system and an electrical service are the same thing. 　　　　 2) A meter box should not be placed inside the house. 　　　　 3) There is an electric panel board in each room of the house. 　　　　 4) There are many circuits for supplying the different areas of the house with electricity. 　　　　 5) Modern computer lines can be installed by an electrician. 　　　　 Part 3 Heating systems Reading 3 Most homes have central heating that can be divided into two main types: Wet systems—the most popular form in the UK, made up of a boiler and radiators. The boiler burns fuel (natural gas, heating oil or biomass) to heat the water in the radiators. Pipes are also usually connected to a tank to provide hot water. Warm air systems—popular in the 60s and 70s in the UK, they have now almost all been replaced with wet systems that are considered more efficient and comfortable, but they are still used widely in North America. A boiler, fuelled by natural gas, heats air that is then circulated to the rooms through ducts, and floor or wall vents. These are also used as air conditioning systems. Other kinds of heating systems include the following. Electric heat pumps: heat is removed from outdoor air, the ground, surface water or soil and is transferred from one place to another. Through thermostat controls, they can also be used as air conditioners. Radiant skirting board heaters: long, metal units containing electrical elements. They can be the only heating source in a house or as extra heating in a cooler room. Portable space heaters: they work with electricity, gas or kerosene. Radiant ceiling or floor systems: installed in floors, ceilings or sometimes walls. They warm objects in much the same way as the sun does. Hydronic heating: water is heated by a boiler, which then flows through pipes under the floor or through units that are similar to skirting board heaters. They can also be installed in ceilings and are sometimes used under concrete in driveways to keep them clear of snow and ice. Geothermal heating: the use of geothermal energy to heat homes. The hot lava from volcanoes or the hot steam from geysers are examples of geothermal energy that is under the Earth’s surface. A geothermal heating system pumps a liquid through pipes buried deep in the ground. This liquid absorbs the heat and brings it back indoors, where a heat exchanger uses the heat in the liquid to heat the air inside a home. In summer, a geothermal system can be used to cool a house by absorbing the heat from the air inside and moving it back into the earth. MY GLOSSARY boiler n. 锅炉，热水器 radiator n. 散热器，冷却器 biomass n. 生物质 circulate v. 循环 duct n. 风管 thermostat n. 温度自动调节器 radiant adj. 辐射的 skirting board 踢脚线 kerosene n. 煤油 hydronic adj. 循环加热（或冷却）的 geothermal adj. 地热的 lava n. 熔岩，岩浆 geysers adj. 天然喷泉 heat exchanger 换热器 5 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) Why are wet central heating systems more popular than warm air ones in the UK now? 2) Where are these systems still popular? 3) What can you find inside radiant skirting board heaters? 4) Which heating system uses the same kind of heating process as the sun? 5) How is water heated in hydronic heating systems? 6) What is the function of a heat exchanger in geothermal heating? Part 4 Solar heating Listening 6 Listen and complete the text with the words from the box. tank roof common pollution sunlight storing Solar energy is the electricity produced from the sun’s rays and captured by means of solar panels, which are becoming increasingly (1) __________________ nowadays. The two types of solar panel systems are solar photovoltaic systems and solar thermal system. In the solar photovoltaic systems the solar thermal panels contain cells whose semiconductors react with (2) __________________. Electricity is produced when sunlight hits them. This kind of technology is still quite expensive and its disadvantage nowadays is the problem of (3) __________________ energy. In the solar thermal system solar energy is used for water heating. The panels are positioned either on the (4) __________________ or a wall facing the sun and contain flowing water. When the thermal collectors in the panel are exposed to the sun, they heat the water (stored in a hot water cylinder) that is either pumped or driven by natural convection through it. The storage (5) __________________ is mounted immediately above or below the solar collectors on the roof. This system is not very expensive and offers a number of advantages, including being renewable, creating less environmental (6) __________________, reducing costs and maintenance and saving resources. Hot water can be produced for most of the year. A conventional boiler can be used to make the water hotter, or to provide hot water when solar energy is not available. MY GLOSSARY capture v. 得到；捕获 solar panels 太阳能（电池）板 semiconductor n. 半导体 thermal collector 集热器 cylinder n. 圆柱体，圆 筒 convection n. 对流 7 Read the text again and then match the two parts of the sentences. 1) Solar energy 2) Thanks to solar thermal systems and solar photovoltaic systems 3) The solar thermal panels are usually installed 4) In thermal panels special cells 5) Water is heated by 6) The storage tank is mounted 7) Thanks to these panels you can produce 8) Sometimes a conventional boiler is used 8 Now answer these questions. 1) How can electricity be produced using the sun’s energy? 2) What do solar thermal panels contain? 3) How is electricity created? 4) What are the two main disadvantages of solar energy? 5) What is solar energy also used for? a we can produce energy using solar panels. b are contained whose semiconductors are able to react with sunlight. c when solar energy is not available or to make water hotter. d next to the solar collectors on the roof, either above or below. e hot water for most of the year. f means producing electricity from the sun’s rays. g exposing the thermal collectors in the panel to the sun. h on house roofs. 6) What happens when the thermal collectors are exposed to the sun? 7) Can you name some of the advantages of solar photo voltaic system? 8) What can a conventional boiler be used for? Part 5 Ventilation and air conditioning Reading 4 Ventilation—the exchange of indoor air with outdoor air—is important to reduce indoor moisture, odours, and other pollutants. Contaminants such as volatile organic compounds, and radon (that may cause health problems) can accumulate in poorly ventilated homes. Excess moisture needs to be removed before high humidity levels lead to physical damage to the home. There are three main types of ventilation: Natural ventilation which is uncontrolled air movement through cracks and small holes (infiltration) and through vents such as doors and windows. The disadvantage of this is that it is uncontrollable. Spot ventilation which means using localised fans in the rooms where contaminant substances are generated (for example kitchen extractor fans and bath fans). Whole-house ventilation is a system that works thanks to fan and duct systems to exhaust stale air and supply fresh air to the house. Whole-house ventilation systems are usually classified as exhaust ventilation when the air is forced out of the house, supply ventilation if it is forced inside and balanced ventilation if the same amount of air is forced inside and outside the house. 1) 2) 3) MY GLOSSARY odour n. 气味 volatile organic compound 有机挥发物 radon n. 氡 infiltration n. 渗入，渗透 contaminant n. 污染物 substance n. 物质 stale adj. 不新鲜的，（空气）污浊的 9 Read the text and label the pictures with the words in bold from the text. 10 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1) Why is ventilation important? 2) What is the disadvantage of natural ventilation? 3) What is spot ventilation? 4) How does whole-house ventilation work? Listening 11 Listen to this interview with an expert speaking about the importance of ventilation and fill in the gaps. 1) Thanks to ventilation, we can dispose of unwanted __________________, water vapour and pollution. 2) The amount of ventilation we need is determined by a number of different factors, such as the type of pollution __________________ and the number of people who are in the room. 3) Usually modern __________________ are provided with fittings which can both draw and force out air. 4) Thanks to heat __________________ warm air can be saved. 5) To attain cross __________________, you can use controllable trickle ventilators in every room. 6) Mechanical extractor fans are controlled by a __________________ control switch. Writing 12 Look at the data illustrated in the graphs below about air conditioning (AC) and prepare a short essay. You should include the following points: . the period in which the biggest demand for AC units is expected; . why you think the demand for AC units is likely to grow; . which country is most likely to increase its number of AC units, giving reasons why you think this is the case; . which country has the lowest rate of predicted growth of AC units and why you think this is the case; . what kind of impact you think this growth will have on the environment in the future. Growing Demand for Air Conditioning and EnergyNumber of AC units worldwide and corresponding energy demandCountries/regions with largest projected units growth(2016-2050) Energy demand* (TWh) Units (millions) 5,5784,3572,9941,9301,62220162020203020402050Projections1,9972,1993,2874,7566,205IndiaIndonesiaMexicoBrazilMiddle EastEUChinaU.S. 4,206% 1,845% 697% 503% 347% 185% 149% 45% Part 6 Energy conservation Reading 5 Energy conservation can be achieved in three ways: by increasing efficient energy use, by decreasing energy consumption and by reducing consumption from conventional energy sources. The purpose of this, apart from saving money, is to increase environmental quality, national and personal health and human comfort. One of the latest trends in energy conservation is passive solar building design. This means making windows, walls and floors in such a way that they are able to collect, store and distribute solar energy (heat) in winter and reject it in summer. This kind of design implies avoiding the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The best way to design a passive solar building is to pay great attention to window placement, glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass and shading. In most cases, these design techniques are applied to new buildings, but even existing buildings can be adapted. If emissions decrease, this will help to reduce climate change. Energy conservation involves replacing non-renewable sources with renewable ones. In 2012, the European Union set a target for 2020 to reduce primary energy consumption by 20%. All EU member countries were asked to set their own national energy efficiency targets and to produce annual progress reports every three years. In December 2018, this Energy Efficiency Directive was revised with the addition of a new energy efficiency target for 2030 of at least 32.5%. EU member states have to illustrate how they intend to reach the 2030 targets for energy efficiency and for renewable energy in a 10-year National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) for 2021-2030. MY GLOSSARY conservation n. 节约，防止流失 （或浪费） passive solar building 被动式太阳能建筑 glazing type 玻璃的类型 thermal insulation 隔热 thermal mass 蓄热体 13 Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. 1) Efficient energy use is a way to achieve energy conservation. __________________ 2) If we decrease efficient energy use, we can reduce energy consumption. __________________ 3) Decreasing energy consumption and reducing consumption from conventional energy sources are two excellent ways to achieve energy conservation. __________________ 4) Mechanical and electrical devices are used in passive solar building design. __________________ 5) These techniques can only be applied to new buildings. __________________ 6) Thanks to the decrease in emissions, climate change can be reduced. __________________ 7) In 2012, the European Union gave countries just three years to reduce primary energy consumption by 20%. __________________ 8) The new target set by the EU for 2030 is more ambitious than the previous one. __________________ 14 Now answer the following questions. 1) Energy conservation is achieved in three ways. Do you think they are all equally important? How can these three objectives be reached? 2) What is the purpose of energy conservation? 3) What does passive solar design mean? 4) What does it make use of? 5) What happens if emissions decrease? 6) What objective did the EU set for 2020? 7) What amendment was made to this objective in 2018? Part 7 Home automation Reading 6 Domotics (or home automation) is a new field of technology based on computer science and electronics. Its aim is to create systems able to automate many of the daily tasks we usually perform in our homes, such as regulating temperature, lighting, security systems and many other functions. Today many domestic appliances have automated systems: with programmable thermostats or automated vacuum cleaners, you can adjust the time you turn on the appliances and repeat multiple daily settings. In addition, you can connect all the appliances in every part of your home creating a sophisticated system, which allows you to manage and operate them from a single unit. This can be a computer, a tablet or a control unit specifically built by a home automation company. From your control unit, you can check and monitor what is happening in your home and modify the settings, such as time, temperature and so on. Basically, a home automation system gathers information from a net. Therefore, it is necessary to install a network, which will include all the appliances you want to control (heating system, air conditioning, security system, etc.). Then you need sensors to detect a variety of information in the home: temperature, sound, light, heat and so on. Finally, it is necessary to install a device for external communication, which will allow the owner to control the data from his/her telephone, mobile phone or via Internet. MY GLOSSARY domotics n. 家庭自动化 automation n. 自动化 programmable adj. 可程控的 vacuum cleaner 真空吸尘器 sophisticated adj. 复杂的，精 密的 tablet n. 平板电脑 modify v. 修改，调整 15 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What fields is domotics involved in? 2) What is its purpose? 3) Could you explain the expression “repeat multiple daily settings”? 4) What are the main elements necessary for a home automation system? 5) Can the control unit be managed if the owner is far from home? Reading 7 The Internet of Things’ (also known as M2M or machine-to-machine) refers to an expanding network of interconnected internet-enabled devices. Driven by miniaturisation, the affordability of components such as cheap Bluetooth sensors and technologies such as Wi-Fi, it is now possible to connect devices in a way that would never have previously been thought possible. Consumers are beginning to realize that this technology can be used efficiently and effectively to solve everyday problems. The most popular uses are for security and savings. For example, consumers can be notified when a door is opened or there is movement in their house while they’re away. They can be notified when there is moisture in the basement and they can programme the lights and heat to turn off when no one is present in the house, which can mean huge energy savings. There are numerous products on the market, but what they have in common is their ability to collect data from, and for their users. Therefore, it’s not actually the “Things” that are important but the data these devices provide. For example, a connected electric toothbrush can tell us how we brush our teeth, where we brush our teeth and where we need to improve. Before we only got this information once a year from our dentist when we went for a cleaning, but now we can get it in real time. This kind of information may not seem so important, but this is just the start. One man, Mike Grothaus, proposed to produce a set of kitchen scales that sends data about nutrition to your iPad. As soon as people heard about this “new Thing”, demand was so great, that the project received almost 30% of its funding in just one day. The Internet of Things is an even more important revolution than the smartphone because it connects everything together. Some people may raise questions about privacy. Maybe they would rather that not everybody knows about every single aspect of their life, but whatever the case, The Internet of Things is here to stay. MY GLOSSARY miniaturisation n. 小型化 sensor n. 传感器 kitchen scale 厨房秤 nutrition n. 营养 privacy n. 隐私 16 Read the text related to “The Internet of Things” and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) “The Internet of Things” is growing in popularity because devices are 　　　　 cheap. 2) People use these devices mostly for keeping their house safe. 　　　　 3) One new device does not let you put on your heating so you’ll save 　　　　 money. 4) The writer believes that the most important aspect of this market is 　　　　 the design of the “Things”. 5) A connected toothbrush can give us information every day that we would 　　　　 normally get once a year. 6) The majority of people are in favour of this new technology but some are 　　　　 worried about not having a private life anymore. Speaking 17 Work in pairs and talk about what “smart technologies” you would like to install in your home. Explain their advantages and disadvantages and why these systems would be useful. Include the following points: . saving time; . saving energy consumption; . saving insurance costs. Technical Terms 1 Solar photovoltaic systems are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into DC (Direct Current) electricity through the transfer of electrons. The process of energy conversion mainly occurs in two stages: generation of electron-hole pair through the absorption of light in semiconductor material and afterwards, separation of electron to the negative terminal and hole to the positive terminal by the structure of the device to supply electricity. 2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are of concern as both indoor air pollutants and as outdoor air pollutants. However, the emphasis of that concern outdoors is different from indoors. The main concern indoors is the potential for VOCs to adversely impact the health of people that are exposed. While VOCs can also be a health concern outdoors, EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) regulates VOCs outdoors mainly because of their ability to create photochemical smog under certain conditions. 3 Double glazing window is referred as a window having two panes of glass several millimeters apart. There’s a vacuum between the panes, or some manufacturers use a special gas instead, often argon. This is known as a sealed unit. This type of window achieves heat savings and protects against external noise such as aircraft and traffic, and some suppliers offer triple glazing sealed units. 4 Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials. 5 Thermostat is a device that measures the heat in a room, turning the heating element on or off in order to maintain the setting indicated on the thermostat. For example, if the thermostat is set at 20 degrees Celsius (20oC), it will only trip on the heater if the room’s temperature falls below that setting. Once the heater turns on, the thermostat continues to monitor the room’s temperature, and will turn off the heater when the setting is reached. Unit 7 House Systems 93 UNIT Urbanisation 8 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . outline the evolution process of urbanisation; . identify different types of urban settlements; . obtain a general knowledge about the aims, principles, development and trend of city planning; . present a metropolitan area with basic information; . analyse the consequences of urban growth. Starting Off 1 Surf the Internet for the population of cities listed in the following table, and then share your findings with the class. City Population Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen Suzhou Kunming Chengdu a city you are familiar with Part 1 An overview Reading 1 Urban growth is a concept strictly related to that of cities and will continue to be so in the future. Therefore, it is important to gather information about urbanisation and its consequences from different sources such as building, civil and traffic engineering, urban and regional planning, local and national economies, history, demography, archaeology, law, politics and administration. Urbanisation is basically the process by which cities grow as people move from rural to urban areas. Urbanisation began during the Industrial Revolution, when workers were attracted by the manufacturing hubs in cities and moved there to get jobs in factories, rather than in agriculture. As the population in cities grew, urbanisation of rural land became necessary to create housing and to develop infrastructures to support all these new city dwellers. In 1851, 50% of the population in Great Britain already lived in cities, with 2 million in London alone, making it the biggest city in the world at that time, followed by Paris in France with 1 million inhabitants. In the 20th century cities began to grow all over the world and have continued doing so up to the present date. In 2008, statistics showed that city dwellers accounted for more than half of the world population. By 2045, it is estimated that 6 billion people will live in big cities, so managing urban areas is the main development challenge of the 21st century. The biggest growth of cities is expected to happen in developing countries like India, China and Nigeria. The following table shows the 20 most populated cities in the world at the end of 2020. City – Country Population City – Country Population 1 Tokyo, Japan 37,339,804 11 Karachi, Pakistan 16,459,472 2 Delhi, India 31,181,376 12 Chongqing, China 16,382,376 3 Shanghai, China 27,795,702 13 Istanbul, Turkey 15,415,197 4 Sao Paulo, Brazil 22,237,472 14 Buenos Aires, Argentina 15,257,673 5 Mexico City, Mexico 21,918,936 15 Kolkata, India 14,974,073 6 Dhaka, Bangladesh 21,741,090 16 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo 14,970,460 7 Cairo, Egypt 21,322,750 17 Lagos, Nigeria 14,862,111 8 Beijing, China 20,896,820 18 Manila, Philippines 14, 158,573 9 Mumbai, India 20,667,656 19 Tianjin, China 13,794,450 10 Osaka, Japan 19,110,616 20 Guangzhou, China 13,635,397 MY GLOSSARY urbanisation n. 城镇化，城市化 demography n. 人口统计 archaeology n. 考古；考古学 administration n. 行政管理 hub n. 中心，核心 infrastructure n. 基础设施 dweller n. 居民，居住者 inhabitant n. 居民 statistics n. 统计数字 estimate v. 估计 2 Look at the table and read the text, and then answer the questions below. 1) What should be taken into consideration when analysing urban growth? 2) What is meant by urbanisation? 3) What attracted people to cities during the Industrial Revolution? 4) What effect did the growth of cities have on rural areas? 5) In the 19th century, which was the biggest city in the world? 6) What information did statistics provide about cities in 2008? 7) Why is management of urban areas so important in the 21st century? 8) From the information in the table, how many European cities are included in the twenty most populated cities in the world? 9) How many African countries are included in the list? 10) Which area of the world has the highest number of cities included in this list? Part 2 Types of settlements Reading 2 With the expansion of urban growth, there are many terms to describe the continuous evolution of urban settlements, such as the following. Metropolitan area: an area consisting of a major city and its surrounding territories, such as New York metropolitan area, with New York being its major city. Conurbation: an extensive urbanised area, which may also include more than one city, with smaller towns in the area. The various towns merge with the suburbs of the central city, forming a single urban extension. The Liverpool urban area is the fifth most populous conurbation in England. Megalopolis: a very large urban complex that usually evolves due to the progressive growth of nearby cities that almost join together to make one big city without distinct boundaries, like Boston and Philadelphia in the US. Metropolis: this word from the Greek metér, “mother” and pólis, “city”, referred in ancient Greece to the mother country city, founder of colonies. Nowadays, it refers to a very large city, with more than one million inhabitants, like Rome, Milan or London. When cities expand excessively and in an uncontrolled manner, this is referred to as urban sprawl. This phenomenon results in inefficient land use and increases the costs of providing utilities and public services as well as travel costs. There is also an increase in congestion, accidents and pollution due to carbon emissions. Urban experts are now adopting new urban pathways without urban sprawl. These smarter urban growth policies are based on replacing single-family residential areas with a mix of residential and social infrastructures that includes homes, shops and restaurants that are all easily accessible within a short distance. Cities in North America follow a different urban model with respect to older European cities. Instead of a historical centre, American cities have an “inner city” characterised by skyscrapers that house administrative and financial offices. Beyond this part, there are vast residential areas that are usually well linked to the centre, and with lots of green spaces. On the outskirts of these residential areas, you can often find the less affluent area of the city with industrial estates and/or council housing. MY GLOSSARY evolution n. 演变，发展 metropolitan adj. 大城市的，大都会的 territory n. 领土 conurbation n. 有卫星城市的大都市 merge v. 合并 extension n. 扩大 megalopolis n. 城市群，都市圈；特大城市 complex n. 建筑群 evolve v. 逐步发展，进化 distinct adj. 明显的 metropolis n. 大都会 urban sprawl 城市扩张 congestion n. 拥塞 skyscraper n. 摩天大楼 outskirt n. 市郊，郊区 affluent adj. 富裕的 3 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What is a conurbation? 2) What does a megalopolis consist of? 3) What does urban sprawl refer to? 4) What are new urban policies based on? Writing 4 Surf the Internet for information about a metropolitan area in China and write a short text (about 100 words) about it, similar to the text below about London. With its 8 million inhabitants, London is the city with the highest population in Europe. Nowadays, “London” refers to the area called Greater London, which includes the central districts of the City of London and the City of Westminster and another 31 metropolitan boroughs that surround the industrial districts. The City of London is the financial centre of the city and is of great strategic importance, extending over an area of just 2.6 km2. The City of Westminster is situated west of the City. Here you can find the main British institutions like Parliament, the Government in Downing Street and the Ministries of Whitehall, as well as the Monarchy in Buckingham Palace. The High Court of Justice is also located in the City of Westminster at the Royal Courts of Justice. When we talk instead of the London metropolitan area, we refer to an urbanised area that, in addition to Greater London, also includes an 8-kilometre wide green belt as well as the even more external strip of the New Towns, which emerged after the second world war due to a demographic boom. MY GLOSSARY Greater London 大伦敦（英格兰下属一 级行政区之一） borough n. 自治市镇 parliament n. 议会，国会 ministry n. （政府的）部 monarchy n. 君主制 the High Court of Justice 英国高等法院 the Royal Courts of Justice 英国皇家司 法院 green belt （城市周围的）绿化地带 strip n. 狭长地带 New Town （英国于1946年后规 划建设的）新市镇 emerge v. 出现，浮现 Part 3 Consequences of urban growth Reading 3 Urban areas expand constantly and the fact that big cities are the ones that grow fastest, suggests that the advantages of living in these areas outweigh the disadvantages. Governments may decide to create new cities for two reasons: to provide densely populated rural areas with more services, or to take the pressure off large problematic urban areas. However, it is better to plan only a few new urban areas, because a large number of them can limit the probability of success for all. A new or expanded urban area has a greater chance of being successful if it has a strong manufacturing base or if it offers research facilities as well as higher education institutions. In some cases a new manufacturing urban area reaches a size where retail and other service activities attract residents from nearby smaller urban areas. Adjustments to changing conditions of supply and demand are often accompanied by difficulties and serious problems. One effect of urban growth is the separation of workplace and residence, the main consequence of which is a further increase in traffic. Other inconveniences created by urban growth are, for example, environmental deterioration, increased air pollution and more road accidents. We are witnessing an exponential movement of people to urban areas, and it is estimated that most of the world population will live in cities in the near future. This will create a new bond between people and urban spaces, and cities will no longer be thought of simply as ground to be built on, but as a space to create a community. Data about 10 of the most polluted cities in the world according to a recent World Health Organisation report 1 Kanpur, India—high presence of chromium released into the air due to leather tanneries. 2 Faridabad, India—high smog levels that increase in winter due to cold temperatures that trap pollutants near the ground. 3 Gaya, India—presence of heavy smog in this holy city in the state of Bihar. 4 Varanasi, India—poor air quality in the city is aggravated by dust from construction. 5 Patna, India—the sunset here is not visible due to thick smog. 6 Delhi, India—the Indian capital, pollution is caused by the burning of rice paddies and waste and the emission of exhaust fumes from vehicles. 7 Lucknow, India—to reduce pollution caused by vehicle emissions, they now have a metro rail service. 8 Bamenda, Cameroon—poor air quality due to deforestation and changing weather conditions. 9 Agra, India—pollution due to the burning of old tires to extract iron. 10 Gurugram, India—a business hub but with poor air quality, with PM2.5 levels twelve times higher than recommended by the World Health Organisation. MY GLOSSARY outweigh v. 重于，超过 exponential adj. 指数的，快速增长的 chromium n. 铬 tannery n. 制革厂 smog n. 烟雾，烟尘 aggravate v. 使严重，使恶化 paddy n. 稻田, 水田 exhaust n. （车辆、发动 机或机器排出的）废气 fume n. （难闻且常为有害的） 烟,气体 tire n. 轮胎 5 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What are the largest urban areas characterised by? 2) What happens if metropolitan areas are too large? 3) Why is it better to plan only a few new urban areas? 4) When does a new or expanded urban area have a greater chance of being successful? 5) What could happen when a new manufacturing urban area reaches a certain size? 6) What is the main consequence of the separation of workplace and residence? 6 Match the words from the text to their definitions. 1) growth a to sell goods to the public in small quantities 2) advantage b increase, expansion 3) service c supply of something for public needs 4) expanded d making goods 5) manufacturing e benefit, improvement 6) retail f made greater in number or amount Speaking 7 Discuss with a partner on what negative specific effects are associated with uncontrolled urban growth in China, and share with the class. Part 4 European green cities Reading 4 New problems due to urbanisation and climate change need to be addressed now if we wish to improve our quality of life or even only maintain the standard we have enjoyed until now. (1) __________________. It has been proven that green spaces have a beneficial effect on biodiversity, the climate, air quality, and consequently on our health and sense of well-being. On the platform “Green Cities for a Sustainable Europe” there is a host of new ideas, backed up by scientific research and technical advice from experts, on how to make public places green. The ENA (European Nurserystock Association), which has its headquarters in Belgium, proposed this project in 2017, and has managed to involve other nursery organisations in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, the UK, France, Germany and The Netherlands. (2) __________________. This campaign will not only benefit those taking part but also many others who deal daily with these kinds of problems. By 2050, 70% of the world’s population will be city dwellers, and already many urban areas are experiencing the negative effects of climate change and the lack of importance given to social cohesion. By about 2050, higher temperatures will be causing excessive rainfall, which will lead to flooding in many areas, while other parts of the world will be hit by excessive drought. (3) __________________.This is why the European Nurseystock Association and its members launched their campaign. The creation of green areas within our cities such as parks with trees and ponds, and more forestland around them, will help reduce the negative consequences of climate change in urban areas. These green areas will also have positive effects on the weather, biodiversity and our health. (4) __________________. This is very important for the psychological well-being of citizens who will work together to achieve a common goal. (5) __________________. However, these authorities are still not taking these issues into consideration when making decisions about the development of new housing projects or the improvement of living conditions in older cities. (6) __________________. Whatever the reason, this is where the project “Green cities for a sustainable Europe” comes into action. (7) __________________. Through a series of congresses, seminars, and business meetings, decision-makers and politicians will be provided with the necessary tools and technical background to convey this message of green cities for a sustainable Europe to their citizens. They will also be able to consult an extended website, take advantage of public relations activities, and participate in the competition to win the European Green Cities Award. MY GLOSSARY address v. 解决，处理，对付 beneficial adj. 有益的 biodiversity n. 生物多样性 well-being n. 健康；安乐 a host of 很多 propose v. 提议，建议 nursery n. 苗圃 campaign n. 运动（为社会、商业或政 治目的而进行的一系列有 计划的活动） cohesion n. 结合, 凝聚性 excessive adj. 过多的；过分 的 drought n. 干旱 psychological adj. 心理的，精神上的 congress n. 大会 seminar n. 研讨会，培训会 convey v. 传递，传达 8 Read the text about the project “Green Cities for a Sustainable Europe”. Parts of the text have been removed. Choose the correct part (A-H) for each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence that you should not use. A They will also play a positive role in social cohesion B The main goal of this 3-year project is to increase awareness of the problems caused by urbanisation C The dangers associated with climate change are well-known to national and regional governments D One solution is by increasing public green areas in our cities E This ensures that cities are becoming better places to live and work in F The project, in fact, is aimed at helping professionals that make decisions about city and landscape planning, rather than at the general public G These phenomena will all have extremely negative effects on living conditions H This may be because there is not enough accessible knowledge or scientific evidence to convince them Speaking 9 Discuss with a partner the advantages and disadvantages of large urban areas, taking the following factors into account, plus any others you can think of. . services; . entertainment; . pollution; . employment; . safety; … Part 5 Town planning Reading 5 Planning is a balancing act between constructing modern communities and conserving our natural and built heritage to create sustainable places where people can live, work and play. It implies decisions about transport, facilities, the development of new shops, schools, dwellings, parks, etc. It supports our ongoing use of the environment. Some of the things that planners do include: developing and creating affordable housing; regenerating socially-deprived areas; requalifying historic buildings; creating policies for managing the traffic and improving energy efficiency; discussing with communities about how to improve their quality of life. MY GLOSSARY conserve v. 保存，保护 heritage n. 遗产；特色 affordable adj. 价格合理的；负 担得起的 deprive v. 剥夺，使丧失 10 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What is planning? 2) What do planners typically do? Unit 8 Urbanisation 105 Listening 11 Listen to the text and fill in the blanks with the words from the box. agricultural centre Renaissance human rational situated streets towns The first stable (1) __________________ settlements appeared when agriculture replaced nomadic existence. The first cities were centres for commerce, politics, defence and distribution of (2) __________________ surplus. The earliest examples of planned cities in history were in modern-day Iraq and India. In these cities some (3) __________________ were paved and there were both commercial and residential streets. The first examples of cities in the West were in Greece and in Italy. Many European (4) __________________ are still based on schemes that date back to the times of the Romans, who put all the streets at right angles, set out in a square grid. During the Middle Ages there was no trace of (5) __________________ urban planning in Europe. Cities grew around a fortress or a fortified abbey. Most of them were (6) __________________ on high defensible ground and their plans followed the irregularities of elevation contours. They offered protection both to urban city and rural inhabitants during enemy attacks. Things changed again during the (7) _______________. A great number of important artists created beautiful buildings in many cities which were accurately designed by architects and city planners. In Florence, for example, radial streets extended outward from a defined (8) ________________. MY GLOSSARY Renaissance n. 文艺复兴 nomadic adj. 游牧的 surplus n. 过剩，剩余 commercial adj. 商业的 grid n. 网格 fortress n. 堡垒，要塞 fortify v. 加强 abbey n. （大）修道院 defensible adj. 可防御的 irregularity n. 不平整的事物 defined adj. 轮廓分明的，外形清晰的 12 Read the text again and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) The first cities were centres for commerce, politics and defence. 　　　　 2) The earliest examples of planned cities in history are in the West. 　　　　 3) Many European towns date back to the times of the Romans. 　　　　 4) Urban planning was extremely important during the Middle Ages. 　　　　 5) Cities in Europe grew around a fortress or a fortified abbey during the Middle Ages. 　　　　 6) During the Renaissance radial streets extended outward from a defined centre in Florence. 　　　　 Part 6 Master Plan Reading 6 A Master Plan is a document describing how a city is developed and how it can develop in the future. It is written by city planners and experts after examining the land. Here is an example of the aims of a Master Plan: to create a structure for the best quality City Centre; to create the best possible environment for all users; to find key problem areas; to treat improvements as priorities; to create an attractive area for businesses; to develop existing resources. Modern city planning is increasingly concerned with the social and economic aspects of city living. The process of city planning usually involves a series of surveys and studies, development of a land-use and transportation plan, preparation of a budget, and the approval of a unified Master Plan by various agencies or legislative bodies. City planners have to tackle problems of traffic, pollution, security, fire and sanitation services, limitations and other regulations, and the problems of funding. In recent years planners have worked closely with community groups who wanted to take part in the planning of their own neighbourhood. MY GLOSSARY priority n. 最重要的事，优先事项 budget n. 预算 unified adj. 统一的 legislative adj. 立法的，制定法律的 tackle v. 应付，处理 sanitation n. 公共卫生，环境 卫生 funding n. 资金，基金 13 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) Who writes a Master Plan? 2) What does a Master Plan include? 3) What are the aims of a Master Plan? 4) What does modern city planning involve? 5) What problems do city planners have to tackle? 6) What are the trends in recent years? 14 Find the synonyms of these words in the text. 1) specialist __________________ 2) inspecting __________________ 3) authorisation __________________ 4) purposes __________________ 5) enhancements __________________ 6) restrictions __________________ Technical Terms 1 Green city is a city in green status. It has little fuel exhaust pollution, supports and encourages public transportation that is environmentally-friendly and provides carpool lanes, bike lanes, and plenty of sidewalks and inner city walking trails. It typically uses or has plans to use alternative fuels. It also has plenty of green spaces and a municipal recycling program. Lastly, it has safe and high quality drinking water that exceeds the Drinking Water Standards. 2 Climate change includes both the global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century, humans have had unprecedented impact on Earth’s climate system and caused change on a global scale. 3 Urban planning, also known as regional planning, town planning, city planning, or rural planning, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and their accessibility. 4 A City Cluster is an officially defined type of megalopolis in China, whereby government policy is to knit the area together more tightly and promote development through transportation and communication links. The Economist Intelligence Unit in 2012 identified 13 megalopolises, for example, Greater Beijing, i.e. Jing-Jin-Ji, Greater Shanghai (including Suzhou), Greater Xi’an, Greater Zhengzhou, Greater Guangzhou, etc. Unit 8 Urbanisation 109 UNIT Public Works 9 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . describe the functions and features of basic public works; . list the general building methods of public works; . list the materials used to build public works; . learn some typical cases of public works in the world. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs or small groups. List some examples of public works in the following table, and then share your findings in class. Public works Examples bridges roads schools gardens and parks tunnels Part 1 Bridges Reading 1 A bridge is a structure which provides passage over a gap or physical obstacles such as valleys, rivers and roads. The first bridges were probably fallen tree trunks (later supported by stones or logs) and bridges made of long ropes across rivers or valleys. The first great bridge builders were the Ancient Romans (some of their bridges are still standing today). The design of a bridge depends on its purpose, the kind of ground it is built on and the material used to build it. Tower Bridge, one of the best known symbols of London, is an example of a double-decker bridge (two levels). It was designed by Sir Horace Jones and completed in 1894. A mechanism contained in its two Gothic towers allows the roadway to be raised (creating a 40-metre-high and 60-metre-wide space) when large ships need to go through it. Before 1976—when the system was electrified—the lifting equipment was commanded by a steam engine. MY GLOSSARY obstacle n. 障碍，障碍物 trunk n. 树干 log n. 原木 double-decker n. 双层结构 mechanism n. 机械装置 Gothic adj. 哥特式的 electrify v. 电气化 steam engine 蒸汽机 2 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What are bridges built for? 2) What were the first bridges like? Who were the first great bridge builders? 3) What does the design of a bridge depend on? 4) What is Tower Bridge famous for? Part 2 Roads Reading 2 The earliest rough pathways appeared in 10000 BC. They were trails made by animals or created by humans who followed animals. The first stone and brick-paved roads were created in the Middle East and India between 4000 and 3000 BC, and in the same period the first European roads were built in England using logs. The Ancient Romans were great road builders. Some of their roads still survive today. Their armies built a great number of paved roads in Europe and North Africa using stone and gravel and included gutters for drainage. Around the 8th century AD a great number of roads (paved with tar) were built in the Arab Empire, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that modern road building started. Today roads are used both for pedestrian and vehicular traffic. The first stages in road building are planning, designing and approval of the project following official guidelines. After deciding where to move gas, water, sewer, electricity and phone lines and compensating and relocating landowners, construction can start by removing earth, rock and vegetation. Then the pavement material is laid using a great quantity of building equipment. Modern roads are built with smooth layers of tar or asphalt, over concrete or macadam. The kind of road surface depends on its expected use and on economic factors. MY GLOSSARY rough adj. 粗糙不平的 trail n. 小路，小径 survive v. 继续存在，生存，幸存 drainage n. 排水系统 Arab Empire 阿拉伯帝国 pedestrian adj. 行人的 vehicular adj. 车辆的 approval n. 批准 guideline n. 指导方针，准则 compensate v. 给（某人）赔偿 （或赔款），补偿 relocate v. 重新安置 tar n. 焦油 asphalt n. 沥青 macadam n. 碎石 3 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) Where and how were the first roads built? 2) How did the Ancient Romans build roads? 3) Which are the stages of modern road building? Part 3 Schools Reading 3 Schools have a very special importance in everyone’s lives and consequently architects should think carefully and sensitively when designing them. During the 19th century the first to understand the economic importance of universal education were the British and the Prussians, whose schools were disciplinarian places that could be built quite cheaply. In Great Britain, as well as in France and Germany, we can still see examples of these great, late nineteenth-century, four-storey schools with their classrooms double banked along central corridors. School building gradually changed after World Wars I and II. A great number of new schools were built and educational theories and practices shifted from strong discipline to encouragement in learning and liberal egalitarian programmes. Consequently, school design changed too. New schools are places full of light, with multivalent spaces. More recently, schools have become buildings where the environment is more and more stimulating and where solutions are found to meet practical demands, such as health, safety and financial concerns. In the future, architects will have to consider a series of important aspects, such as creating increasingly friendly, comfortable, stimulating buildings, with spaces such as gyms, laboratories, libraries and green areas. MY GLOSSARY sensitively adv. 谨慎地 universal adj. 全体的；普遍的 Prussian adj. / n. 纪律的；普鲁士人 disciplinarian n. 纪律严明者 corridor n. 走廊，通道 shift v. 改变 liberal adj. 开明的，自由主义的 egalitarian n. 平等主义者 multivalent adj. 有多种感染力 的 stimulating adj. 增加活力的；令人兴奋的 financial adj. 财务的，财政的 concern n. 关切，考虑；忧虑 4 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) When did school building gradually change? 2) Compared to late nineteenth-century schools, what kind of place does new school become? 3) If you were an architect, what factors would you consider in designing a school? Listening 5 Listen to Paul Andrews talking about Westfield Student Village and complete the sentences. 1) In the past, there was little architectural interest in building university __________________ because this type of building has always had low budgets and this usually meant low-quality architecture. 2) The project was not easy for a number of reasons, the most important of which is that the building is located in a __________________ area in London’s East End near the railway and a canal. 3) The requirements were to create comfort for the students and offer the possibility to use the residences as __________________ during the holidays. 4) Two linear buildings were __________________ which created the boundaries of the university campus. 5) On the outside of the buildings copper was used, which not only is a __________________ material, but also provides durability and __________________ limited maintenance. Speaking 6 Work in pairs and talk about the buildings in your school following the points below. 1) What kinds of buildings or spaces are there in your school? 2) Which building in your school is your favorite building, and why? Part 4 Airports Reading 4 An airport is a place where aircraft take off and land. In smaller airports there is usually a single runway, shorter than 1,000 metres and made of gravel, grass or dirt, whereas larger airports usually have paved runways of about 2 km or even longer. Airports also include control towers (if the air traffic is high, air traffic is controlled by radio from there), hangars (where aircraft are stored and maintained), aprons (parking areas away from terminals) and air terminals (departure and arrival buildings). In terminals passengers can get flight information, buy tickets, clear security control, claim their luggage and board aircraft through waiting areas, boarding gates and ramps (where aircraft park next to a terminal to board passengers). Large airports usually have air traffic control, fixed base operator services, and passenger facilities such as shops, restaurants, emergency services, rental car counters, customs and immigration facilities. MY GLOSSARY land v. 着陆 hangar n. 飞机库 apron n. 停机坪 terminal n. （车辆、乘客、货物的）起点 站，终点站 claim v. 认领；申请 ramp n. （上下飞机 的）活动梯 rental adj. / n. 租赁的；出租 customs n. 海关 immigration n. 移民局检查站；移居（入 境） 7 Read the text and match these words and phrases with their definitions. 1) runway a a large building where planes are kept, built, or repaired 2) control tower b a place at an airport where planes wait or turn round 3) hangar c a long piece of ground with a smooth hard surface on which aircraft take off and land 4) apron d a large building at an airport where passengers arrive and leave 5) air terminal e a building at an airport from which air traffic is watched and directed Part 5 Gardens and parks Reading 5 Parks are open spaces, usually large and protected areas, in cities and towns. They may be in a natural (wilderness parks) or semi-natural state (in this case they are planned spaces) and they are created for human benefit (leisure, relaxation, entertainment and recreation) or to protect animals (some of which are threatened species) or the environment. Usually you can find both natural and man-made materials in parks: trees (chosen either for their beauty or for their shade), grass, flowers and landscape features such as fountains, benches, picnic areas, statues, pathways, and ponds. There are active and passive recreation parks: active recreation parks have a high level of development and include playgrounds, ball fields and skateparks, whereas passive recreation parks focus on the open-space characteristics of the place and offer trails and picnic areas. Before designing and creating a garden, its use must be carefully considered. The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genre and the way the garden space will connect the other structures in the surrounding areas. Central Park lies in Manhattan, New York, and it is the most visited urban park in the USA (about 35 million visitors every year). It was opened in 1857 since an area to escape from the chaotic life of the city was needed because of the increasing number of citizens. About 1500 species of trees, shrubs and plants were planted in the park and today a great number of animals live there. Although it has a very natural appearance, the park is completely landscaped: there are artificial lakes and ponds, lawns and grassy areas, playgrounds, walking tracks, ice-skating rinks, a zoo, a conservatory garden, an area of natural woods, a running track, an outdoor amphitheatre and many other indoor structures. Festivals, concerts and other kinds of performances are regularly organised. MY GLOSSARY semi-natural adj. 半自然的；半野生 的 threatened species 濒危物种 fountain n. 人工喷泉 statue n. 雕塑，雕像 pond n. 池塘 stylistic adj. 风格上的 genre n. 类型，体裁 chaotic adj. 混乱的 shrub n. 灌木，灌 木丛 artificial adj. 人工的，人造的 lawn n. 草坪 rink n. 溜冰场 conservatory n. 温室 amphitheatre n. 圆形露天剧场 8 Read the texts and answer the questions below. 1) What can you usually find in parks? 2) Can you explain the difference between active and passive recreation parks? 3) What has to be considered before designing and creating a garden? 4) Why was Central Park opened? 5) The text says that Central Park is completely landscaped. Can you explain how? Part 6 Tunnels Reading 6 Tunnels are long and narrow underground passages with an opening on each end, built for pedestrian or vehicular (rail or road) traffic and for canals. Some tunnels are important for water supply or for hydroelectric stations, others are sewers or include communication or electricity cables. Before building a tunnel it is important to examine the conditions and type of ground and groundwater. Different methods can be used to build a tunnel, depending on the type of ground. If the rock is hard, the tunnel is blasted out with explosives, whereas if the ground is softer, tunnel shields (steel tubes the same size as the tunnel) are pushed into the ground to dig out the earth. Typical examples of tunnels are underground train lines and road tunnels (created when there is an obstacle like a mountain). MY GLOSSARY canal n. 运河 hydroelectric adj. 使用水力发电的 cable n. 电缆 groundwater n. 地下水 blast out 炸出 explosive n. 炸药 tunnel shield 隧道盾构 9 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What and who are tunnels built for? 2) Before building a tunnel, what is it important to examine? 3) Which are the main techniques when building tunnels? Listening 10 Listen to an expert talking about the Channel Tunnel and complete the sentences. 1) The Channel Tunnel (also called “Chunnel”) opened in __________________. 2) It is one of the ________________ tunnels in the world and the tunnel with the longest ________________ portion. 3) It is only used for __________________. 4) The journey between London and Paris takes __________________. Writing 11 Choose one of the main topics in this unit (bridges, roads, schools...) and write a short essay (about 100 words) following these guidelines: . When were the first examples built? . Which features must it have? . Is there an example you know that you particularly like? Why? Technical Terms 1 Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) is a 55km-long bridge, which is comprised of the 12km Hong Kong Link Road, 29.6km Main Bridge and 13.4km Zhuhai Link Road. It is the longest bridge-cum-tunnel sea-crossing in the world. 2 Tsinghua University was established in 1911, originally under the name “Tsinghua Xuetang”. The university section was founded in 1925. The faculty greatly valued the interaction between Chinese and Western cultures, the sciences and humanities, the ancient and modern. Tsinghua scholars Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao, Chen Yinque and Zhao Yuanren, renowned as the “Four Tutors” in the Institute of Chinese Classics, advocated this belief and had a profound impact on Tsinghua’s later development. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the University was molded into a polytechnic institute focusing on engineering in the nationwide restructuring of universities and colleges undertaken in 1952. 3 Beijing Daxing International Airport (PKX) is the biggest airport in the world. It is also the second international airport of Beijing along with Beijing Capital International airport. With a 46km-distance from Tiananmen Square, a 67km-distance from Beijing International Airport and a 26km-distance from Langfang City Center, Daxing airport aims to become the main airport hub of the region. The new mega-airport hub is expected to handle up to 45 million passengers per year by 2021 and reach an outstanding 100 million in the future. 4 Shield tunneling has been more than 150 years in the history of tunnel construction, and was invented by a French engineer, M. I. Brunel. He was inspired when he saw ship worms drilled holes in the wood of a ship and discharged a kind of thick liquid from the body to reinforce the cave. He began to study shield construction in 1818 and built the world’s first underwater tunnel (11.4m wide and 6.8m high) with a rectangular shield under the Thames in London, England, in 1825. Unit 9 Public Works 121 Applying for a Job UNIT 10 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . outline a job application process; . identify key information in a job advisement; . write an application email and a personal CV for a position; . give proper response to the common questions in a job interview. Starting Off 1) What is your career planning? 2) How do you plan to find a job? 3) What does a job seeker need to do during the whole application process? Put the following steps in a reasonable order. a You read a job advertisement released by a company that you are interested in. b You get a reply from the company for an interview. c You receive a job offer from the company and accept it. d You begin to search for a suitable position through some channels. e You go to the interview on the appointed day. f You make some preparations for the coming interview. g You send your application materials through an email. Part 1 Job advertisement Reading 1 Civil Engineer (Entry Level) ACCR is currently looking for a dynamic civil engineer to join our team. This is a great opportunity to join a leading firm in the construction industry and develop personal and professional growth. Responsibilities Provide civil engineering services; Work directly with clients and project managers to deliver the highest quality possible, on time and on budget; Work in a team environment and learn from fellow staff engineers, project engineers, environmental scientists and project managers; Draft reports, prepare plans, assist with specifications and make preliminary selections of equipment; Work with clients to obtain data or share information. Qualifications Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering; Experience is preferred, but recent graduates with internship experience will be considered; Strong communication skills; Strong analytical and organisational skills. Email your application and CV to Jobstodo@email.com MY GLOSSARY dynamic adj. 充满活力的 preliminary adj. 初步的 internship n. 实习期 analytical adj. 分析的 2 Read the advertisement and answer the questions. 1) What position is being advertised? 2) What is the name of the company? 3) Does the candidate have to have any work experience? 4) What skills are demanded by this position? Part 2 Application Reading 2 A curriculum vitae, CV for short, is a brief summary of facts about you and your qualifications, work history, skills and experience. It is essential to have a good CV when applying for a job as it is your chance to sell yourself and be selected for an interview. Usually you can include the following sections in your CV. 1) _____________________ Your name, address, phone number(s), email address and date of birth. 2) _____________________ This is normally at the beginning of the CV. It is a short statement aimed at selling yourself so you should use positive words and expressions. It must be specifically written for the position you are applying for. 3) _____________________ It is normal practice to list your most recent job first, with the dates. It is not a good idea to leave any gaps between dates and if you do not have a lot of experience, you should include details of part-time and voluntary work. 4) _____________________ This includes qualifications from school and university as well as any other training courses or certificates. You should indicate the date (the most recent first), the title of the qualification, the level obtained and the organisation/place. 5) _____________________ This can include foreign languages and computer skills, as well as things like artistic or musical skills. It is possible to highlight a particular achievement— personal or professional—which reflects well on your ability to do the job. 6) _____________________ Hobbies or sports activities can help show particular abilities or skills which could be relevant for the job. 7) _____________________ This section is for the name, position and contact details of at least two people who can provide a personal and/or work reference. Alternatively it is possible to state that references can be supplied on request. MY GLOSSARY voluntary adj. 志愿者的，无偿的，义务性的 indicate v. 说明，表明 highlight v. 突出，强调 achievement n. 成就 3 Read the text and match each of the section titles in a CV section with its writing guidance. Personal profile Interests Qualifications and training Personal details References Work experience Achievements/Skills/Competences Reading 3 PERSONAL INFORMATION Simon Lee 25 Spring Rd, Boston (617)123 3211 Simonleel@gmail.com PERSONAL PROFILE I am highly motivated and work well as part of a team. My professional experience taught me to be adaptable to new situations and to work under challenging conditions. I’m now looking for a position as Junior Engineer. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2019 – Present Civil Engineer Technician at HEBE Construction, Boston — Responsible for layout, design and production of site plans and preliminary blueprints for commercial office, retail and residential projects. 2018 – 2019 Draftsman/Site Work Coordinator at CPY Construction, San Mateo, California — Responsible for planning, cost analysis, preliminary approvals applications, and design and production of site plans. EDUCATION 2014 – 2018 Degree in Civil Engineering, ABC College, BOSTON SKILLS Proficient in CAD, Photoshop and software applications REFERENCES Paul Nelson Ryan Hall Teacher of Construction Management Senior Civil Engineer ABC College CPY Construction (617) 444 6610 (09-3680122) Gilinan@gmail.com RyanH22@Almondcon.com MY GLOSSARY motivated adj. 积极的 blueprint n. 蓝图 retail n. 零售 draftsman v. 制图员 coordinator adj. 调度员 proficient adj. 精通的 4 Read the CV and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F). T F　　　　 1) Simon Lee has graduated with a diploma in engineering. 　　　　 2) Simon took a year off after he graduated and started to work the second year. 　　　　 3) Two references are both from the company he has worked for previously. 　　　　 4) He is now searching for a job that is exactly the same with the present one. 　　　　 5 Read the application email and put the segments in a correct order. Dear Sirs, I attach my CV and two references. I look forward to meeting you for an interview. Regards, Eddie Martin I hope you will appreciate both my educational qualifications—I have a degree in Civil Engineering from University of Canterbury—and my two years’ experience in the trade. I saw your advert on your site and I am interested in the post of Civil Engineer Technician. 6 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases from the box. apply application deal with attach look forward to interview advertisement duties skills knowledge 1) I __________________ copies of my diplomas. 2) I have good __________________ of French and Italian. 3) My __________________ include organising meetings and events and advertising. 4) I would like to __________________ for the post of computer programmer. 5) I saw your __________________ in The Daily Telegraph and I am applying for the post of secretary. 6) I __________________ your reply. 7) I am available for a(n) __________________ at any time. 8) In my present job, I __________________ accounts. 9) Excellent computer __________________ are required. 10) Please send your __________________ to this email address. Writing 7 You have decided to apply for the post in Reading 1. Write your application email and CV with your information. The layout and vocabulary in this unit can be used as reference. Part 3 Interview Reading 4 Job interviews can be stressful. However, with the proper planning and preparation, you can get the job. Read these tips to help you survive the interview and get the job offer. Before the interview Research the company and prepare relevant questions. Interviewers appreciate when job candidates show interest in the company and available position. Organise all paperwork, including your CV and eventual references from previous employers. Plan responses to common interview questions and practice interviewing with a peer. Prepare for questions about salary expectations by finding out how much employees in the position you are applying for are typically paid. During the interview Make a good first impression by arriving on time for the interview. Make sure to dress in clean and professional attire. Finally, be polite and confident. Respond to all questions clearly. Interviewees should provide solid examples of how their previous experience relates to skills needed for the new position. Also be sure to explain your future career goals. After the interview Employers may request a call-back to obtain more information as a follow-up. MY GLOSSARY stressful adj. 令人紧张的 candidate n. （求职）申请者 eventual adj. 最终的 peer n. 身份（或地位）相同的人，同辈 attire n. 服装 solid adj. 可靠的，确凿的 call-back n. 回访（面试） follow-up n. 后续追踪，随访 8 Read the text and answer the questions below. 1) What preparations can you do before an interview as suggested in the text? 2) How to make a good first impression on the interviewers? Are there any details that you should pay attention to? 3) What can be helpful to prove that you’re qualified for the position you applied for? 4) What may happen following the first interview? Speaking 9 This is a list of typical questions and answers during a job interview. Match the questions with possible answers. There may be more than one answer for each question. Questions 1) Interviewer: What are your qualifications? Interviewee: _________________________________ 2) Interviewer: What school did you attend? Interviewee: _________________________________ 3) Interviewer: Tell me about your experience. Interviewee: _________________________________ 4) Interviewer: What work experience have you got? Interviewee: _________________________________ 5) Interviewer: What are your duties? Interviewee: _________________________________ 6) Interviewer: What are your strengths? Interviewee: _________________________________ 7) Interviewer: Do you speak any foreign languages? Interviewee: _________________________________ 8) Interviewer: What are your computer skills and what programs can you use? Interviewee: _________________________________ 9) Interviewer: Why did you apply for this job? Interviewee: _________________________________ 10) Interviewer: What interests you about this job? Interviewee: _________________________________ Answers a I am familiar with Photoshop and Office. b I have a good knowledge of computers. c I think this job will improve my skills. d I want to get experience in this field. e I have a diploma in Civil Engineering. f I went to Southern Alberta Institute of Technology and got my diploma last year. g I worked for a traveling agency called Greenfoot from since 2018. h I have several years of marketing experience. i I am responsible for / My duties are entering data into the computer and preparing statistical reports. j Yes, I can speak English fluently. k I am very responsible and good at communicating with people 10 Now imagine you have applied for the job in Reading 1. Work in pairs and complete the interview with possible information. Interviewer: Good morning(afternoon) and welcome. Interviewee: (1)____________________________________. Interviewer: I’d like to ask you a few questions. Let’s start with education. What qualifications do you have? Interviewee: I (3) ___________________________________. Interviewer: Any (4) _____________________________ in this field? Interviewee: I (5) ___________________________________. Interviewer: How about your computer skills? Interviewee: (7) ____________________________________. Interviewer: Good. I notice you have some ____________________. Can you tell me something more about it? Interviewee: (8)_____________________________________. Interviewer: One more question. Why (10)________________________________? Interviewee: (11)____________________________________. Interviewer: OK. That’s all for today. Thank you for coming. We’ll contact you soon. Interviewee: Thank you. Technical Terms 1 A call-back interview is held after a screening interview. Employers will usually call to an applicant for a second interview if he behaves well in the screening interview. During a call-back interview the employer will raise more specific questions to help decide whether the applicant is fit for the position or not. 2 The Europass CV is a standard document aimed at simplifying the job application process between EU member states for both employers and applicants. It is possible to complete the CV online or to download it, together with examples and instructions on how to fill it in. In addition to the CV, there is the European Skills Passport, which includes a Language Passport, Europass Mobility, Certificate Supplement and Diploma Supplement. The European Skills Passport can be attached to the Europass CV to give comprehensive details of your skills and qualifications, grouping together copies of certificates and degrees and proof of employment. Europass also offers the possibility to compile covering letters and gives suggestions for key expressions for each part. Unit 10 Applying for a Job 131