Chapter1
Logistics from A Historical Perspective
物流历史回顾Section AOverview Logistics物流概述
A characteristic of todays society is its dependence on a wide variety of goods and services which are produced by a multitude of business organizations. These companies are highly competitive with each other in supplying goods and services. This competition occurs in three areas:  in determining customers wants, in arranging the production of goods to satisfy those wants, and in making those goods available to the customers. The last responsibility is the special objective of industrys newest management function—business logistics.
Logistics has always been a central and essential feature of all economic activities.  There are few aspects of human activity that do not ultimately depend on the flow of goods from point of origin to point of consumption.  \[1\] Without logistics, no materials can be moved, no operations can be done, no products are delivered, and no customers are served.
Logistics has been playing a fundamental role in  global development for almost 5,000 years by  now.  Since the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt, logistics has made remarkable strides. \[2\]  Time and again, brilliant logistics solutions have formed the basis for the transition to a new historical and economic era. \[3\]  Quite frankly, from approximately 1950 to 1980, limited appreciation was shown for the importance of logistics discipline. \[4\]
The practice of logistics in the business sector, starting in the later half of the twentieth century, is considered as the development of enterprises “accelerator” and the 21st century “gold industry.” Examples of this fundamental progress include the invention of the seacargo container and the creation of novel service systems during the 20th century.
In an effort to avoid potential misunderstanding about the meaning of logistics, this book adopts the current definition promulgated by the  Council of Logistics Management (CLM)\[5\] , one of the worlds most prominent organizations for logistics professionals.
According to the CLM, “Logistic is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient costeffective flow and storage of raw materials, inprocess inventory, finished goods, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirement.” 
According to Coyle, Bardi and Langley, there are four subdivisions of logistics:  
 Business logistics—this is the same as the definition from the CSCMP and approach we are adopting in our discussion. 
 Military logistics—all that is necessary to support the operational capability of military forces and their equipment in order to ensure readiness, reliability, and efficiency. 
 Event logistics—management of all involved (activities, facilities, and personnel) in organizing, scheduling, and deploying the resources necessary to ensure the occurrence of an event and efficient withdrawal afterwards. 
 Service logistics—acquisition, scheduling, and management of facilities, personnel, and materials needed to support and sustain a service operation. 
物流专业英语（第2版）Chapter 1Logistics from A Historical Perspective Logistics is the management of the physical and information flows of products and of all activities related to these flows.  \[6\]The physical flows of products include the movement of raw materials from suppliers (physical distribution).The information flows of products cover reports and documentation relating to goods movement. The activities related to these flows include:  storage, inventory, packaging, materials handling, communication, site selection, and transportation. Thus, the logistics objective encompasses the delivery of products in correct quantities and qualities whenever they are required. 
Logistics is changing at a rapid and accelerating rate. There are some reasons:  pressure to change by the development of the system itself, more flexible and accurate logistic planning and controlling through computer data processing, being flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition, and competitive pressures leading to more efforts to improve customer service.
This definition has been further augmented to include:  the potential contribution of logistics to achieving the goals of commercial enterprise is based upon (1)  the integrated management of all activities related to inventory to achieve operating objectives at lowest possible costs,\[7\] and (2)  the proactive use of logistics to help achieve customer satisfaction. \[8\] This definition needs to be analyzed in closer detail.
New Words
1. disciplinevt.训练；使有纪律；处罚；使有条理n.训练；纪律；学科；符合行为准则的行为（或举止）
2. promulgatevt.宣扬（某事物）；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等）
3. implementvt.实施，执行；使生效，实现；落实（政策）；把……填满n.工具，器械；家具；手段；\[法\]履行（契约等）
4. encompassvt.围绕，包围；包含或包括某事物；完成
5. augmentvt.增强，加强；增加，增添；（使）扩张，扩大n.增加，补充物
6. proactiveadj.前摄的；积极主动的；主动出击的；先发制人的
Phrases
1. supplying goods商品供应
2. management function管理功能
3. economic activity经济活动
4. fundamental role基本角色
5. logistics discipline物流学科 
6. customer requirement客户需求
7. military logistics军事物流 
8. integrated management综合管理
9. play a (an) ...role in ...扮演……角色，起……作用  
10. in an effort to企图，努力想，试图要
Notes
1. There are few aspects of human activity that do not ultimately depend on the flow of goods from point of origin to point of consumption. 
几乎人类所有的活动都最终依赖于货物从产地到消费地点的流动。
2. Since the construction of the pyramids in ancient Egypt, logistics has made remarkable strides. 
自古埃及建造金字塔以来，物流业已取得了很大的进步。
3. Time and again, brilliant logistics solutions have formed the basis for the transition to a new historical and economic era. 
很多良好的方案不断地为物流业向新的历史与经济时期的转变奠定了基础。Time and again，一次又一次地，不断地。
4. Quite frankly, from approximately 1950 to 1980, limited appreciation was shown for the importance of logistics discipline. 
其实，大约在1950年到1980年间人们才对物流学科的重要性有所了解。
5. Council of Logistics Management，简称CLM，是全球最有影响的物流专业组织。于2005年1月1日正式更名为美国供应链管理专业协会（Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals，CSCMP）。 物流管理协会(Council of Logistics Management,CLM)成立于1963年，凭借会员的积极参与和杰出才能，协会一直致力于推动物流业的发展，为物流从业人员提供教育的机会和信息。为实现这一目标，物流协会向行业人士提供了种类繁多的项目、服务、相关活动，促进从业人员的参与，了解物流业，从而对物流事业作出贡献。
6. Logistics is the management of the physical and information flows of products and of all activities related to these flows. 
物流是对产品的实际流动与信息流动，及对与这些流动相关活动的管理。
7. the integrated management of all activities related to inventory to achieve operating objectives at lowest possible costs
用最低成本对所有库存相关活动进行综合管理，以达成操作目标
8. the proactive use of logistics to help achieve customer satisfaction 
充分运用物流业来帮助实现客户满意度
Section BWhat is the Scope of Logistics Activities?
物流活动的范围The word “logistics” comes from the Greek logistik, which translates as “the art of calculating” using concrete items, in contrast with arithmetike, which was the art of calculating using abstract concepts. The latter eventually evolved into the modern concepts of arithmetic and algebra.Figure 11Military logistics at the wartime

 Historically, the concept of logistics stems from specific facets of industrial and military management.\[1\]   However, the modern interpretation of the term “logistics” has its origins in the military, where it was used to describe the activities related to the procurement of ammunition and essential supplies to troops located at the front (see Figure 11).
 Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces. \[2\] In its most comprehensive sense,\[3\] it is those aspects or military operations. The field of logistics has become much broader than initially defined.
In the industrial and commercial sector, logistics is often called “business logistics” or “industrial logistics”.  Modern industrial logistics is related to the effective and efficient flow of materials and information that are of vital importance to customers and clients in various sections of the economic society.\[4\]  It covers a variety of activities which include, but are not limited to, the following:  
 Souring
 Purchasing
 Warehousing 
 Inventory management
 Product distribution
 Transportation
 Customer service
Logistics is usually thought of in connection with military or manufacturing operations. However, there can be projects involved in logistics (e.g. building a bridge to move troops) and logistics involved in projects (e.g. supplying materials to a construction site). It is not surprising, then, that these two disciplines interact and learn from each other.
Social and political implications also result from logistics. Social and cultural unity is achieved. The exchange of goods leads to an exchange of ideas and culture. The accompanying personal contacts encourage a national and international outlook, replacing narrow local or provincial views.  From a political perspective, logistics contributes to a strong national defense.\[5\] The nations investment in transportation facilities (roads, highways, ports, etc.) is in response to logistics needs. The political influence extends also to the economic and safety regulations of transport carriers. In fact, the nations transportation network reflects a political as well as an economic base.
More recently, logistics has been viewed on a much broader scale and the field of logistics has been growing at a rapid pace, stimulated primarily by the technological, sociological, and economic trends in our world today. Some wellknown logistics companies include UPS, FedEx etc (see Table 11).
In summary, logistics occupies a major role in an economy. Economic, social, and political benefits are realized, affecting both the interests of the nation and  its individual citizens.Table 11Global industrial logistic companies
CompanyBusinessSales
(million dollar)Net Profit
(million dollar)Increase in 
Profit(%)1Deutshe Post/Danzas 
GroupExpress,forwarder,
logistics30,8582,2457.32UPSLogistics,forwarder,
express29,7712,93415.23FedExAir cargo,logistics19,6295845.54Nippon ExpressTruck,forwarder,
logistics14,21121525Union PacificRailway11,878842166Stinnes/SchenkerForwarder,logistics11,3451422.27TPC/TNT/CTI GroupExpress,logistics9,3744969.38A.P.MollerShipping,logistics9,3381193.59BNSFRailway,logistics9,0251,01923.410NYKShipping,logistics9,1522877.7New Words
1. arithmeticn.算术，计算；算法
2. algebran.代数学，代数
3. interpretationn.解释，说明；翻译；表演，演绎；理解
4. procurementn.获得，取得；采购
5. implicationn.含义；含蓄，含意，言外之意；卷入，牵连，牵涉，纠缠；\[逻辑学\]蕴涵，蕴含
Phrases
1. transportation facility运输工具
2. concrete item具体实物 
3. abstract concept抽象概念
4. essential supply重要的、必要的供应
5. stem from来源于
6. result from由于
7. in response to回答；响应
8. safety regulations安全规程，安全守则
Notes
1. Historically, the concept of logistics stems from specific facets of industrial and military management. 
从历史角度看，物流这一概念来源于工业及军事管理的一些特定方面。
2. Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces.
 军事物流是关于军事行动的计划与实施，及军事力量的维持。
3. in its most comprehensive sense 
从更广泛的角度来看
4. Modern industrial logistics is related to the effective and efficient flow of materials and information that are of vital importance to customers and clients in various sections of the economic society. 
现代工业物流是关于材料与信息的高效率流动，而这些材料和信息对经济社会的多个领域的顾客来说都是至关重要的。
5. From a political perspective, logistics contributes to a strong national defense. 
从政治角度来看，物流有利于增强国防力量。
Section CLogistics Strategies物流策略
 Efficient management of the flow of  goods from pointoforigin to pointofconsumption at the macro society or micro firm levels requires successfully planning, implementing, and controlling a multitude of logistics activities. \[1\]
 Effective logistics resolves around five key issues—movement of product, movement of information, time/service, cost and integration. \[2\]
The increasing rate of change in technologies and markets and the search for competitive advantage has led to a new focus on logistics strategy and management.  The modern organization in a free market  needs to be  agile, able to make rapid decisions, in order to respond to the changing circumstances and thereby gain an advantage over its competitors. \[3\] Logistics strategy appears as a subset of the overall strategy.  It is about formulating a longterm plan for the supply chain, as distinct from solving the daytoday issues and problems that inevitably occur. \[4\]Logistics must be consistent with corporate goals and strategies of organization. Logistics provides the interface between the external and internal environments, and consists of five interrelated components:  
 Configuration/facilities network strategy
 Coordination or organization strategy
 Customer service strategy
 Integrated inventory strategy
 Information technology strategy
As businesses continue to globalize, attention has increasingly turned to international logistics strategies. The international strategy is an element of the internationalization strategy of manufacturing companies. The decision about which international logistics strategy to choose can be made only within the context of the overarching internationalization strategy. When a company creates international logistics strategies, it is defining the service levels at which its logistics organization is at its most cost effective. WalMarts business has been able to grow rapidly and now  become wellknown company, because the cost savings as well as international logistics strategies and distribution systems and supply chain management have made tremendous achievements.
New Words
1. circumstancen.境况；境遇；（尤指）经济状况；命运；环境；事件；境遇；机遇
2. formulatev.构想出；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示
3. manufacturingn.制造业，工业adj.制造业的，制造的v.（大规模）制造(manufacture的现在分词 )；捏造；加工；粗制滥造（文学作品）
4. tremendousadj. 极大的，巨大的；可怕的，惊人的；极好的
Phrases
1. competitive advantage竞争优势
2. overall strategy总体战略
3. external and internal environment内外环境
4. distribution system分销系统
5. supply chain management供应链管理
6. search for寻找，搜索
7. lead to导致，通向
8. respond to对……做出回应，响应
9. supply chain供应链，供给链，供需链
10. consistent with符合，与……一致
11. consist of由……组成，构成 consist(of ):  由……组成；包含
12. turn to转变；变成
13. as well as也；和……一样；不但……而且……
14. logistics strategies物流策略
Notes
1. Efficient management of the flow goods from pointoforigin to pointofconsumption at the macro society or micro firm levels requires successfully planning, implementing, and controlling a multitude of logistics activities.
无论是宏观社会还是微观企业，要使货物从产地高效流通到消费地，必须成功地计划、执行和控制各种物流活动。
2. Effective logistics resolves around five key issues—movement of product, movement of information, time/service, cost and integration.
有效的物流是围绕着五个要素展开的——产品的流动、信息的流动、时间/服务、成本和一体化。
3. The modern organization in a free market  needs to be a agile one, able to make rapid decisions, in order to respond to the changing circumstances and thereby gain an advantage over its competitors.
自由市场中的现代组织必须反应敏捷，并能够对环境的变化做出快速的决定，从而获得超过其竞争对手的优势。
4. It is about formulating a longterm plan for the supply chain, as distinct from solving the daytoday issues and problems that inevitably occur.
与那些不可避免的几乎每天发生的情况和问题不同的是，这是关于制订长期供应链计划。 
Section DUsing Logistics as A Competitive Weapon
物流作为一种竞争武器 Logistics is a hot topic in China and the whole world. Although it is anything but a newborn baby, lots of people still have limited awareness of, and knowledge about logistics. \[1\]
The purpose of logistics is to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace.  By improving customer service performance, expanding geographical markets, and increasing market penetration of present markets, logistics contributes to additional sales. It increases revenue.  \[2\]
Logistics has the “7R” characteristics, namely:  the right product with the right quality in the right quantity has to be delivered at the right time and right place to the right customer at the right cost.
Logistics supports competitiveness and availability as a whole by meeting the endscustomer demands in supplying what is needed in the form it is needed, when it is needed at a competitive cost. 
Service advantage
Increase and maintain customer service levels across all dimensions and channels, from delivery performance to adhoc customer response and last minute order changes. Logistics is an integral part of the customer service or marketing mix. Service now plays a major role in customers buying decisions and logistics is targeted at customer service. Excellence in logistics can result in strong customer relationships, and improve the firms value to the customer.
Time advantage
 Reduce overall cycle time—from order placement or demand projection to customer delivery and availability to a matter of hours and days. \[3\] Time measures how long a customer has to wait in order to receive a given product or service. Speeding up the supply chain processes may help to maintain the customers, because they dont want to wait, especially for those prepared to pay more to get what they want.
Cost advantage 
Logistics accounts for a major portion of a companys value chain costs, and savings through improved logistics strategies and improved processes go straight to the bottom line. Many products are supported from a supply chain point of view by lowcost manufacture, distribution, servicing and the like, such as “own brand”. Examples of products that compete on low price are “own brand” supermarket goods that reduce operation cost and advertising cost of major brands. Because of the low cost, Tesco\[4\] can develop and offer responsible products at affordable prices to as many consumers as possible through its own brand ranges (See Figure 12).
Figure12Tescos Own Brand Products
New Words
1. geographicaladj.地理学的，地理的
2. penetrationn.渗透，穿透;\[军\]突破;洞察力
3. revenuen.（土地、财产等的）收入，收益，所得，\[复数\]总收入
4. adhocn.点对点；对等式
5. integraladj.完整的；积分的；必需的n.整体；积分
6. projectionn.预测；规划，设计；\[心\]投射；突起物
7. portionn.一部分
Phrases
1. appropriate to将（某物）分配给
2. as a whole作为一个整体；总的来说
3. integral part主要的部分，组成部分
4. customer service客户服务，售后服务
5. be targeted at以……为目标
6. result in导致，结果是
7. speed up加速，使加速
8. supply chain供应链
9. bottom line底线，最低限度
10. additional sales额外销售额
11. marketing mix市场营销组合
12. own brand自有品牌，又称为商店品牌，是指零售企业从设计、原料、生产到经销全程控制的产品，由零售企业指定的供应商生产，贴有零售企业品牌，在自己的卖场进行销售，实质上是零售业的OEM产品。其特点是自产自销商品，省去许多中间环节，使用自有品牌的商品可以少支付广告费，进行大批量生产、销售，可以取得规模效益，降低商品的销售成本。
Notes
1. Logistics is a hot topic in China and the whole world. Although it is anything but a newborn baby, lots of people still have limited awareness of, and knowledge about logistics.
物流在中国乃至全世界都是一个热门话题。虽然它已经不是一个新生事物了，但是不少人对物流的认识仍然有限。
be aware of something意识到
2. By improving customer service performance, expanding geographical markets, and increasing market penetration of present markets, logistics contributes to additional sales. It increases revenue. 
通过改善客户服务，拓展地域市场，以及提高目前市场渗透率，物流有助于增加销售和总体收入。
3. Reduce overall cycle time—from order placement or demand projection to customer delivery and availability to a matter of hours and days.
降低总周期时间，即包括从下订单到客户交付和使用，甚至降低到小时和天。
4. Tesco:  乐购是以生产“康师傅”方便面闻名的台湾顶新国际集团于1997年创立的连锁超市品牌，2006年由英国最大的零售商——Tesco控股经营，全名为“Tesco乐购”。截至2008年10月，Tesco乐购在华东、华北和华南三个区域拥有58家大卖场。
Section ELogistics Industry in China中国的物流行业
During the past few years, China’s logistics industry witnessed rapid growth.  “According to the statistics of National Development and Reform Commission, National Bureau of statistics of China and China Logistics and Purchasing Association, during the 10th FiveYear Plan period, the total amount of social logistics reached RMB 158.7 trillion.”  \[1\] The figure has increased by 1.4 times compared with that of the 9th FiveYear Plan period. According to the industry report in 2006, the total amount of social logistics accounted for 18.6% of GDP in 2005, which has dropped from 19.4% in 2000. That means the total amount of social logistics exceeded  RMB 1.2 trillion in 2005.
Logistics is a perspective industry in China.
Firstly, governments pay more attention to logistics and investment in logistics infrastructure is increasing year by year in China. The roads, railways and ports are getting much better. The logistics technique and equipment are being enhanced, too. The logistics industry is booming in Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Sea Rim Economic Zone.  At the same time, Northeast China are strengthening the consolidation and coordination, constructing the vast environment for the development of logistics industry.  \[2\]  Chinas economic developing strategies are becoming explicit, and related policies are being carried out gradually. These will have profound influence on the logistics Industry.
Secondly, the rapid development of related industries, such as chain sales, auto, steel, medicine, and coal industry, arouses the development of the industry of logistics.
Thirdly, managers have realized the importance of operating efficient and integrated logistics. Chinas modern logistics is enhancing its operating efficiency, performing more obvious functions in supporting and promoting economic development. Integrated transportation, storage and delivery will lower the cost and achieve more benefit in enterprises and society.  Nowadays, more and more enterprises have paid attention to valueadding activities, which would greatly promote the industry.  \[3\]  
After entering WTO, Chinas logistics market is opening up to the outside world logistics enterprises. The entering of foreign enterprises will reorganize and integrate in the competitive environment in China. The year of 2006 is the first year of Chinas 11th FiveYear Plan, and is also the first year when logistics is opened up completely.
 It is obvious that state owned, private owned and foreign funded enterprises will survive and thrive in the competitive markets.  \[4\]  However, the related risks must be put into account, and it should be cautious when choosing investment projects.
New Words
1. perspectiven. 观点；远景；透视图 adj.  透视的
2. consolidationn. 巩固；合并；团结
3. coordinationn. 协调，调和；对等，同等
4. explicit adj.  明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的
5. integrated adj.  综合的；完整的；互相协调的v. 整合；使……成整体（integrate的过去分词）
6. transportationn. 运输；运输系统；运输工具；流放
Phrases
1. National Development and Reform Commission国家发展与改革委员会
2. China Logistics and Purchasing Association中国物流与采购协会
3. valueadding价值增值的
4. put into account将考虑在内
Notes
1.    “According to the statistics of National Development and Reform Commission, National Bureau of statistics of China and China Logistics and Purchasing Association, during the 10th FiveYear Plan period, the total amount of social logistics reached RMB 158.7 trillion.” 
据国家发改委、国家统计局、中国物流与采购协会统计，“十五”期间，社会物流总量达到158.7万亿元人民币。
2.    At the same time, Northeast China are strengthening the consolidation and coordination, constructing the vast environment for the development of logistics industry. 
与此同时，中国东北地区正在加强整合与协调，为物流业的发展营造广阔的环境。
3.    Nowadays, more and more enterprises have paid attention to valueadding activities, which would greatly promote the industry. 
如今，越来越多的企业重视增值活动，这将极大地促进行业的发展。
4.    It is obvious that state owned, private owned and foreign funded enterprises will survive and thrive in the competitive markets.
 很明显，国有、私营和外资企业将在竞争激烈的市场中生存和发展。
Core Concepts核心概念
1. Logistics is referred to the article flow, but not including the flow of the people.
物流是指商品货物的流动，但不包括人的流动。
2. The concept of article in logistics includes tangible goods and intangible service, such as customer service, freight agents and logistics network design. 
物流中物品的概念包括有形的实体货物和无形的服务，例如：客户服务、货运代理及物流网络设计。
3. Logistics documents generally refer to documentations required to complete all processes of logistic, such as contracts, bills, and notes.   
物流单证泛指实现一切物流过程的各种文件，例如合同、账单、票据。
4. The external logistics is about the macroeconomic activities, like international trade and global investment.
社会物流是指宏观经济活动，如：国际贸易和全球投资。
5. The four key procedures in the internal logistics are supply, production, distribution and reverse.
企业物流中四个关键程序是：供给、生产、配送和逆向物流。
6. A standardized logistic system ensures better time management, location choices and distribution capacities.  
标准化的物流系统确保高效的时间管理、适当的位置选择和更好的配送能力。
7. Logistics system includes customer service, packaging, transportation, storage, distribution processing and information control.
物流系统包括客户服务、包装、运输、仓储、配送及信息管控。
8. Market share is the proportion of sales of  goods or service provided by one company to the industry sales of such goods or service.
市场份额是指某家产品销售公司提供的货物或服务在整个市场所占的比例。
9. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is software to manage the relationship and communication between customers and suppliers.
客户关系管理(CRM)是用来管理客户和供应商之间的关系和交流的软件系统。
10. A logistics model is a standardized module that is used to regulate the cargo transportation, manage logistics facilities and equipments.
物流模型是用来调节货物运输、管理物流设施与设备的标准模块。
11. A logistic center consists of a series of integrated logistic activities, processes, equipments, and information network.
物流中心是由一系列的综合的物流活动、过程、设备及信息网络组成。
12. Customized logistics refers to a logistic system or process specifically designed to cater to an individual customers requirements and needs.
定制物流是专门设计用来满足个别用户需求的物流系统和过程。
13. Logistics alliance refers to the longterm cooperation and business relationship between logistics supplier and customers.
物流联盟是指在物流服务商和客户间形成的长期合作的业务联系。
14. Time value in logistics refers to the differences in value of the same goods in different time.
物流的时间价值是指同样的货物在不同的时间具有不同的价值。
15. Location value in logistics refers to the differences in value of the same goods in different locations.
物流的空间价值指的是同样的货物在不同地点具有不同价值。
16. Logistics vehicles include ships, trucks, trains and aircrafts used in the logistics process。
在物流过程中使用的运输工具包括轮船、卡车、火车和飞机。
Exercises练习Ⅰ. Answer the follow questions in English.1. What is the characteristic of todays society mentioned in the article? Where might the competitions between business organizations come from?
2. According to this article, why is logistics so important?
3. What kind of role could be played by logistics in constructing pyramids in ancient Egypt?
4. What is CLM?
5. What is logistics? Please conclude a definition by yourself.
6. Where does the word “logistics” come from?
7. What is the difference between logistike and arithmetike?
8. How was logistics initially used in the military?
9. What is modern industrial logistics? 
10. What activities may the modern industrial logistics cover ?
11. What are the five components that the logistics include?
12. What are the “7R” characteristics that logistics has?
13. What advantages does the logistics have?
Ⅱ. Choose the best word or phrase that fits the sentence. 
1. These companies are highly competitiveeach other in supplying goods and services. 
A. onB. withC. forD. in
2. Time and again, brilliant logistics solutions have formed the basis for the transition to a new  and economic era.
A. history         B. historical          C. historic     D. political
3. The physical flows of products include the movement of raw materials from .
A. wholesalers         B. suppliers         C. consumers     D. retailers
4. Logistics is the  of the physical and information flows of products and of all activities related to these flows.
A. management     B. manager         C. charge         D. control
5. The potential contribution of logistics to  the goals of commercial enterprise is based upon.
A. achieve         B. achieving      C. achievement     D. achieved
6. The field of logistics has become much broader than initially.
A. define         B. defining         C. definition         D. defined
7. Logistics is usually thought of in connection with military or operations.
A. manufacturing B. manufacture     C. manufacturer     D. manufactured
8. The exchange of goods leads to an of ideas and culture.
A. change         B. interchange     C. exchange         D. changing
9. The nations investment in transportation facilities (roads, highways, ports, etc.) is in to logistics needs.
A. respond         B. responsible     D. responsibility     D. response
10. In fact, the nations transportation network reflects a political an economic base.
A. but             B. other than         C. as well as         D. rather than
11. Logistics must be with corporate goals and strategies of organization.
A. persistent         B. associated     C. constant         D. consistent
12. As businesses continue to, attention has increasingly turned to international logistics strategies.
A. urbanize         B. modernize     C. globalize      D. localize
13. By improving customer service performance, expanding geographical markets, and increasing market penetration of present markets, logistics additional sales.
A. contributes to     B. attributes to     C. due to          D. owes to
14. Logistics accounts for a major of a companys value chain costs, and savings through improved logistics strategies and improved processes go straight to the bottom line.
A. proportion     B. portion         C. section         D. piece
15. Because of the low cost, Tesco can develop and offer responsible products at prices to as many consumers as possible through its own brand ranges.   
A. afford         B. unacceptable     C. affordable     D. favorite     
Ⅲ. Match each word on the left with its corresponding meaning on the right.
A.B. 
1. essential                     (a) unusual or striking
2. ultimately                    (b) having a quality that thrusts itself into attention 
3. origin                        (c) a detailed list of all the items in stock
4. remarkable                (d) just in time
5. prominent                    (e) the act of getting possession of something
6. inventory                    (f) absolutely necessary; vitally necessary
7. distribution                (g) the smallest possible quantity
8. acceleration                (h) as the end result of a succession or process  
9. implementing                (i) the act of distributing or spreading 
10. procurement                (j) the place where something begins
Ⅳ. Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the list below. 
playing ...role inconforming toon low pricedepend on
in connection with         in an effort to         speeding up     internal
investment in            related to

1. There are few aspects of human activity that do not ultimately  the flow of goods from point of origin to point of consumption.
2. Logistics has been  a fundamental  global development for almost 5,000 years now.
3.  to prevent the crisis getting worse, the government is making its best to work out a positive policy.
4. All the processes are actually working for only one purpose of  customer requirement.
5. Logistics is the management of the physical and information flows of products and of all activities  these flows.
6. Logistics is usually thought of military or manufacturing operations.
7. The nations  transportation facilities (roads, highways, ports, etc.) is in response to logistics needs.
8. Logistics provides the interface between the external and environments.
9. the supply chain processes may help to maintain the customers, because they dont want to wait, especially for those prepared to pay more to get what they want.
10. Examples of products that competeare “own brand” supermarket goods that reduce operation cost and advertising cost of major brands.
Ⅴ. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 
1. U.S. shippers say there are innumerable issues to keep in mind when setting up supply chain and logistics operations in China. However, most agree that becoming successful in the region requires customization with several logistics partners.
2. Smith is adamant about integrating department, for example, purchasing department must have open communication with its import and export departments.
3. Companies are in a race to leverage emerging markets—both as lowercost supply sources and as new sources of revenue.
4. Eight of historys ten largest mergers occurred in 2006; so the fact that mergers and acquisition (M&A) will be biggest and more frequent than ever should not come as a surprise.
5. Guangdongs key ports realized cargo throughput of 886 million tones in 2008, up 6.19 percent year on year.
Ⅵ.  Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 美国经济高度发达，也是世界上最早发展物流业的国家之一。
2. 20世纪60年代，随着世界经济环境的变化，美国现代化市场营销的观念逐步形成，客户服务成为企业经营管理的核心要素。
3. 据了解，世界500强中的400多家企业在中国都有投资，其中90%左右的外资企业选择了物流外包。
4. 一个成功的物流企业，必须具备较大的运营规模，建立有效的地区覆盖，具有强大的指挥和控制中心。
5. UPS是全球最大的投递机构，全球最大的包裹递送公司，同时也是全球最大的专业运输和物流服务提供商。Ⅶ.   Fill in the blanks with words from the list below and each word can be  used once. Since the 40year reform and opening up, the development and evolution of Chinese logistics industry has experienced three stages:  Agglomeration （凝聚） on the eastern coastal region in the early (before 1999); Gradient propulsion from eastern to the middle and west region (1999—2008); Overall layout  1  balanced in the national area (after 2008). From the  2  of Chinese logistics industry development in space and time shows that:  Chinese logistics industry pattern of  3  development and regional economic development  4  that from gradients to equilibrium is coincide; Logistics industry gathering in areas with better location and  5 ;  and  6  international industrial transfer accelerated the space evolution of the logistics industry layout; Urban agglomeration becomes an  7  base for the development of  8  logistics industry; It is  9  the  10  area of the development of Chinese logistics industry in the future.A) importantB) regionalC) seriouslyD) relativelyE) DomesticF) modernG) coreH) evolutionI) revolutionJ) tooK) alsoL) strategyM) methodN) transportationO) communication