目  录

第1章  科技论文基础知识·······························································1

1.1  科学研究与科技论文的概念·························································1

 1.1.1  科学研究的概念······························································1

 1.1.2  科技论文的概念······························································2

1.2  科技论文的特点······································································2

1.3  科技论文的分类······································································4

 1.3.1  按所属学科和专业类别分类···············································5

 1.3.2  按写作目的和发挥作用分类···············································6

 1.3.3  按研究方式和论述内容分类················································6

1.4  科技论文的结构····································································8

 1.4.1  科技论文结构的概念·····················································8

 1.4.2  科技论文结构的要求·······················································8

 1.4.3  科技论文的结构及组成····················································9

1.5  科技论文的规范发表·······························································12

 1.5.1  写作与编辑··································································12

 1.5.2  标准、规范的概念··························································13

 1.5.3  规范发表的概念····························································14

 1.5.4  规范发表的实现过程······················································14

 1.5.5  规范发表的时间要素······················································17

 1.5.6  规范发表的内容····························································18

1.6  科技论文规范发表的作用···························································18

第2章  科技论文组成部分的规范表达············································19

2.1  题名···················································································19

 2.1.1  内容规范表达·······························································19

 2.1.2  语言规范表达······························································21

 2.1.3  英文题名规范表达························································23

 2.1.4  缩略语正确使用····························································27

 2.1.5  页眉·········································································28

 2.1.6  系列题名问题·······························································29

 2.1.7  中英文题名内容一致性··················································29

2.2  署名···················································································29

 2.2.1  署名格式规范表达························································29

 2.2.2  人名规范表达·····························································30

 2.2.3  单位名称规范表达························································31

 2.2.4  其他注意事项······························································32

2.3  摘要··················································································33

 2.3.1  摘要的特点································································33

 2.3.2  摘要的作用·································································34

 2.3.3  摘要的基本结构及内容····················································34

 2.3.4  摘要的基本类型····························································35

 2.3.5  摘要规范表达一般原则··················································37

 2.3.6  英文摘要规范表达························································38

 2.3.7  中英文摘要内容一致性··················································42

 2.3.8  不规范摘要示例···························································43

 2.3.9  Ei对英文摘要规范写作的要求···········································45

2.4  关键词··············································································47

 2.4.1  关键词分类······························································47

 2.4.2  关键词标引································································47

2.5  正文··················································································49

 2.5.1  正文的内容和组成························································49

 2.5.2  正文的层次标题···························································49

 2.5.3  正文的表达方式··························································50

 2.5.4  正文的基本要求···························································52

 2.5.5  正文的常见问题··························································53

2.6  引言·················································································53

 2.6.1  引言规范写作原则························································54

 2.6.2  引言示例分析·····························································55

2.7  材料与方法··········································································57

2.8  结果··················································································58

2.9  讨论··················································································59

2.10  结论················································································61

  2.10.1  结论规范写作原则·····················································61

  2.10.2  结论示例分析···························································62

2.11  致谢················································································62

2.12  参考文献···········································································63

  2.12.1  著录目的与作用························································63

  2.12.2  著录原则·································································63

  2.12.3  标注方法·································································64

  2.12.4  著录项目和格式·····················································66

  2.12.5  类型标志································································73

  2.12.6  规范著录细则··························································74

2.13  作者简介···········································································76

2.14  基金项目··········································································77

2.15  中图分类号·······································································78

2.16  文献标识码·········································································79

2.17  论文编号··········································································79

  2.17.1  文章编号·································································80

  2.17.2  DOI·····································································80

2.18  论文日期信息·····································································80

2.19  附录················································································81

第3章  科技论文量和单位的规范使用···········································82

3.1  物理量···············································································82

 3.1.1  量的概念··································································82

 3.1.2  量制·········································································83

 3.1.3  量的单位和数值··························································84

 3.1.4  量的方程式································································84

 3.1.5  量的量纲·································································85

 3.1.6  量纲一的量·······························································85

 3.1.7  量名称和符号····························································85

 3.1.8  量名称中所用术语的规则··············································89

3.2  计量单位··········································································91

 3.2.1  单位的概念·······························································91

 3.2.2  单位制·····································································92

 3.2.3  国际单位制································································93

 3.2.4  我国法定计量单位·······················································93

 3.2.5  单位一····································································97

 3.2.6  单位名称和符号·························································97

3.3  量和单位的规范使用····························································98

 3.3.1  量及其符号·······························································98

 3.3.2  单位名称及其中文符号················································102

 3.3.3  单位国际符号···························································104

 3.3.4  词头·····································································107

 3.3.5  法定单位·······························································108

 3.3.6  量纲匹配·······························································108

 3.3.7  行文统一····································································110

3.4  量和单位使用常见问题·······················································110

3.5  常用领域量和单位使用注意事项··············································111

 3.5.1  空间和时间·····························································111

 3.5.2  力学·····································································112

 3.5.3  热学·····································································112

 3.5.4  电学和磁学·····························································112

 3.5.5  物理化学和分子物理学···············································113

3.6  贯彻执行国家标准······························································114

第4章  科技论文插图和表格的规范使用·······································116

4.1  科技论文插图概述································································116

 4.1.1  插图的作用································································116

 4.1.2  插图的特点································································117

 4.1.3  插图的分类································································118

 4.1.4  插图的构成与规范表达··················································130

4.2  科技论文插图的规范使用························································134

 4.2.1  插图规范使用的一般原则················································134

 4.2.2  插图的规范设计制作·····················································137

 4.2.3  线形图的规范设计制作··················································143

 4.2.4  计算机制图的正确处理··················································148

4.3  科技论文表格概述··································································148

 4.3.1  表格的基本名称···························································148

 4.3.2  表格的类型·································································150

 4.3.3  表格的构成与规范表达···················································154

4.4  科技论文表格的规范使用·························································156

 4.4.1  表格规范使用的一般原则················································156

 4.4.2  表格的规范处理···························································158

第5章  科技论文式子的规范使用·················································176

5.1  式子的简单分类····································································176

5.2  数学式···············································································176

 5.2.1  数学式的特点·····························································176

 5.2.2  数学式的规范表达要求···················································177

 5.2.3  数学式表达的严谨性······················································198

5.3  化学式···············································································200

 5.3.1  分子式······································································200

 5.3.2  结构式······································································201

 5.3.3  实验式······································································210

 5.3.4  化学方程式·································································211

第6章  科技论文语言的规范使用··················································213

6.1  科技论文语言的特点······························································213

6.2  语法、逻辑和修辞·································································215

 6.2.1  语法·········································································215

 6.2.2  逻辑·········································································216

 6.2.3  修辞·········································································216

 6.2.4  语法、逻辑、修辞间的关系···············································217

6.3  现代汉语语法基础·································································217

 6.3.1  现代汉语语法的特点·····················································217

 6.3.2  语素········································································219

 6.3.3  词···········································································219

  6.3.3.1  词和词类························································219

  6.3.3.2  实词·····························································220

  6.3.3.3  虚词······························································229

  6.3.3.4  词的兼类························································231

  6.3.3.5  体词和谓词·····················································233

 6.3.4  词组········································································233

 6.3.5  句子概说···································································236

 6.3.6  单句成分···································································238

 6.3.7  常见单句句式····························································245

 6.3.8  复句·······································································252

 6.3.9  句群·······································································259

6.4  科技论文常见语病································································263

 6.4.1  用词错误···································································263

  6.4.1.1  词类词义错用··················································263

  6.4.1.2  数量词使用不当···············································266

  6.4.1.3  代词使用不当··················································267

  6.4.1.4  副词使用不当··················································268

  6.4.1.5  介词使用不当··················································270

  6.4.1.6  助词使用不当··················································272

  6.4.1.7  连词使用不当··················································273

  6.4.1.8  偏正词组使用不当·············································275

  6.4.1.9  联合词组使用不当·············································276

 6.4.2  成分残缺···································································277

  6.4.2.1  主语残缺························································277

  6.4.2.2  谓语残缺························································281

  6.4.2.3  宾语残缺························································282

  6.4.2.4  定语残缺························································283

  6.4.2.5  状语残缺························································284

  6.4.2.6  补语残缺························································285

 6.4.3  成分冗余···································································285

  6.4.3.1  主语冗余························································285

  6.4.3.2  谓语冗余························································286

  6.4.3.3  宾语冗余························································286

  6.4.3.4  定语冗余························································287

  6.4.3.5  状语冗余························································287

  6.4.3.6  补语冗余························································288

 6.4.4  搭配不当···································································288

  6.4.4.1  主语和谓语搭配不当··········································288

  6.4.4.2  谓语和宾语搭配不当··········································289

  6.4.4.3  主语和宾语搭配不当··········································291

  6.4.4.4  修饰语和中心语搭配不当·····································293

 6.4.5  语序不当···································································294

  6.4.5.1  主（宾）语位置不当············································294

  6.4.5.2  定语位置不当··················································294

  6.4.5.3  状语位置不当·················································295

  6.4.5.4  定语误用为状语···············································296

  6.4.5.5  状语误用为定语···············································296

  6.4.5.6  注释语位置不当···············································297

 6.4.6  句式杂糅···································································298

  6.4.6.1  混杂·····························································298

  6.4.6.2  粘连·····························································299

 6.4.7  详略失当···································································300

  6.4.7.1  重复性冗余·····················································300

  6.4.7.2  非重复性冗余··················································301

  6.4.7.3  苟简·····························································303

 6.4.8  复句错误···································································304

  6.4.8.1  分句间意义不紧密·············································304

  6.4.8.2  分句间结构关系混乱··········································305

  6.4.8.3  关联词使用不当···············································306

 6.4.9  歧义········································································310

6.5  科技论文句式选择································································311

 6.5.1  整句和散句································································312

 6.5.2  长句和短句································································313

 6.5.3  主句和从句·······························································315

 6.5.4  主动句和被动句··························································316

 6.5.5  肯定句和否定句··························································317

 6.5.6  对字句和一般谓语句·····················································318

 6.5.7  是字句和是……的句·····················································320

 6.5.8  提示句和非提示句························································321

 6.5.9  常式句和变式句··························································321

 6.5.10  完全句和省略句·························································323

6.6  标点符号正确使用································································323

 6.6.1  标点符号分类和用法·····················································323

 6.6.2  标点符号使用典型错误·················································326

 6.6.3  标点符号的活用·························································327

 6.6.4  标点符号使用不当例句分析和修改····································328

6.7  使用规范汉字······································································335

 6.7.1  概论········································································335

 6.7.2  常见错别字类型及其辨析方法··········································335

 6.7.3  常见易错字或易错词·····················································336

6.8  科技论文句子组织································································340

第7章  科技论文英文的规范表达··················································346

7.1  英文规范表达一般原则···························································346

7.2  英文标点符号······································································358

 7.2.1  逗号·······································································359

 7.2.2  分号·······································································365

 7.2.3  冒号········································································366

 7.2.4  破折号······································································367

 7.2.5  连字符······································································370

 7.2.6  圆括号······································································372

 7.2.7  方括号······································································374

 7.2.8  引号········································································375

 7.2.9  斜线号······································································376

 7.2.10  撇号·······································································377

 7.2.11  省略号····································································378

 7.2.12  句号·······································································379

 7.2.13  问号·······································································379

 7.2.14  感叹号····································································380

7.3  英文语言润色·····································································380

7.4  中英文混用·········································································384

 7.4.1  中英文词语混用··························································384

 7.4.2  中英文标点混用··························································385

 7.4.3  对语言混用的认识························································387

第8章  科技论文其他方面的规范使用和表达··································388

8.1  数字·················································································388

 8.1.1  数字规范使用的依据和原则············································388

 8.1.2  数字使用场合·····························································388

 8.1.3  阿拉伯数字使用规则·····················································390

 8.1.4  罗马数字的使用··························································392

8.2  外文字母············································································393

 8.2.1  字母类别···································································393

 8.2.2  大写字母使用场合······················································394

 8.2.3  小写字母使用场合·····················································395

 8.2.4  正体字母使用场合·····················································396

 8.2.5  斜体字母使用场合······················································397

 8.2.6  字体类别···································································398

8.3  名词和名词性词语·································································398

 8.3.1  术语········································································398

 8.3.2  日期和时间································································401

 8.3.3  人名········································································402

 8.3.4  机构名······································································404

 8.3.5  缩略语······································································405

 8.3.6  型号编号···································································409

8.4  计算机语言·········································································409

8.5  创新性问题·········································································410

8.6  政治性问题··········································································411

8.7  法律性问题·········································································412

8.8  保密性问题·········································································412

主要参考文献·············································································413