Chapter 1 Tools of the Cell Biologist............................1

MICROSCOPY: ONE OF THE EARLIEST TOOLS

OF THE CELL BIOLOGIST...................................... 1

MORE TOOLS OF CELL BIOLOGY......................... 11

SUMMARY...................................................................16

SUGGESTED READINGS........................................... 16

Chapter 2 Cell Membranes........................................... 17

THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CELL

MEMBRANE............................................................ 19

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF SMALL

MOLECULES........................................................... 27

SUMMARY................................................................... 31

SUGGESTED READINGS........................................... 32

Chapter 3 Cytoskeleton.................................................. 33

MICROFILAMENTS.................................................... 33

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS................................. 40

MICROTUBULES......................................................... 43

SUMMARY................................................................... 48

SUGGESTED READINGS........................................... 48

Chapter 4 Organelle Structure and Function......... 49

THE NUCLEUS............................................................ 50

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM................................. 51

THE GOLGI COMPLEX.............................................. 66

ENDOCYTOSIS, ENDOSOMES, AND

LYSOSOMES............................................................ 73

MITOCHONDRIA....................................................... 77

PEROXISOMES............................................................ 87

SUMMARY................................................................... 88

SUGGESTED READINGS........................................... 89

Chapter 5 Cell Nucleus and Gene Expression......... 90

CELL NUCLEUS.......................................................... 90

DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR ARE

CRITICAL NUCLEAR FUNCTIONS................... 98

GENE EXPRESSION.................................................. 104

SUMMARY................................................................. 116

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 116

Chapter 6 Cell Adhesion and the Extracellular

Matrix........................................................... 117

CELL ADHESION...................................................... 117

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS............................. 119

CELL ADHESION HAS MANY IMPORTANT

ROLES IN TISSUE FUNCTION.......................... 128

CELL ADHESION RECEPTORS TRANSMIT

SIGNALS THAT REGULATE CELL

BEHAVIOR.........................................................................133

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX................................... 134

SUMMARY.................................................................140

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 141

Chapter 7 Intercellular Signaling............................. 142

GENERAL MODES OF INTERCELLULAR

SIGNALING........................................................... 142

HORMONES............................................................... 144

XII 医学细胞生物学Meeddiiccaall Ceellll Biioollooggyy

GROWTH FACTORS................................................ 146

GASES: NITRIC OXIDE AND CARBON

MONOXIDE........................................................... 148

NEUROTRANSMITTERS......................................... 150

SUMMARY................................................................. 154

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 155

Chapter 8 Cell Signaling Events................................ 156

SIGNALING IS OFTEN MEDIATED BY CELLSURFACE

RECEPTORS....................................... 156

RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES AND RASDEPENDENT

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION...... 157

SIGNALING BY CATALYTIC RECEPTORS/

SERINE-THREONINE KINASES....................... 160

SIGNALING BY NONKINASE RECEPTORS....... 163

SIGNALING BY G-PROTEIN-COUPLED

RECEPTORS INVOLVES CLEAVAGE

OF GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE TO

GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE.......................... 166

SIGNALING BY STEROID HORMONE

RECEPTORS REQUIRES LIGAND

INTERACTION WITHIN THE

CYTOPLASM OR NUCLEUS............................. 167

OTHER SIGNALING PATHWAYS

SIGNALING BY THE RENINANGIOTENSIN-

ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM....169

SIGNALING BY THE JAK/STAT PATHWAY..... 170

CALCIUM/CALMODULIN SIGNAL

TRANSDUCTION................................................. 170

SIGNALING BY ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS..........171

SUMMARY................................................................. 172

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 172

Chapter 9 The Cell Cycle and Cancer..................... 173

CELL CYCLE: HISTORY.......................................... 173

THE CELL CYCLE IS REGULATED BY

CYCLIN AND RELATED PROTEINS............... 174

MITOSIS...................................................................... 176

MEIOSIS ..................................................................... 179

SENSORS RECOGNIZE SITES OF DNA

DAMAGE............................................................... 181

CELL-CYCLE ALTERATIONS AND CANCER ..........183

SUMMARY................................................................. 184

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 184

Chapter 10 Programmed Cell Death........................ 185

DISTINCT FORMS OF PROGRAMMED CELL

DEATH................................................................... 186

NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS............................. 189

CASPASES.................................................................. 191

SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT PROMOTE

CELL SURVIVAL.................................................. 197

APOPTOSIS AND HUMAN DISEASE................... 200

SUMMARY................................................................. 201

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 201