FOREWORD
Dear Chinese Friends and Math Lovers,
Greetings! My name is Daniel Flegler,a former mathematics teacher and department chairman at Waldwick High School,New Jersey,for 26 years beginning in 1965. In addition,I am the cofounder of Math League in the USA which was begun in 1977. Filled with tremendous enthusiasm and responsibilities of mathematics education,I devoted tens of years in this field. I am very fortunate to share some mathematics education principles and experiences with you. There is no national boundary for mathematics,and there is no national boundary for the affection in students. I hope this discussion can help you learn more about mathematics and know more about Americas current mathematics education system. As a result,I hope you all will love math and gain more thoughts and enlightenments in mathematics education.
Everyone knows that it is important to study mathematics. I believe that every school already has developed its mathematics curricula and value these studies significantly. However,who can accurately answer the question “Why should we study mathematics?” In math classes,curious students often ask “Why are we learning these materials? Will I ever use them in my life after school?” The humorous answer that some teachers give is “If you didnt have to learn these materials,I would not have a job.” Of course,the real answer is much more complex than this.
For students who will continue in scientific careers,learning mathematics is essential. The reason is that mathematics is the foundation of all sciences. While only a minority of students will become scientists,it is those students who will lead the world in new discoveries about the universe as well as developing and improving new technologies. Without mathematical knowledge,none of the great scientific discoveries of the last 200 years would exist. Many of these inventions,including but not limited to internet,airplanes,antibiotics,nuclear power,new weapons,automobiles,telephones,cell phones,light bulbs,computers,televisions,refrigerators,air conditioners,and cameras,greatly facilitate our lives. The fundamental principle behind all of these discoveries is mathematics. We can never accurately predict all the new technologies that will be developed in the next 200 years,but we can say with certainty that without a strong mathematical background,scientists would not be able to develop these future technologies. The advancement of the society depends on the mathematical background that students develop at their young ages.
However,most students will not pursue scientific careers. So,is mathematics unimportant to these students? In fact,for all individuals,analytical thinking and reasoning skills (part of mathematical thinking) are pivotal. They allow us to search for solutions to problems. Analytical thinking refers to the skill of thinking critically about the world. Reasoning skills refer to our abilities to think logically in complex situations. While there may be other subjects that develop these masteries,no subject does it better than mathematics. So,the real answer to the question “Why should we study mathematics” is that the subject trains our thinking skills. Unless we learn how to think logically,we will never be able to absorb and truly understand all the information that is presented daily in newspapers,magazines,and on the internet via social media. The materials we need to understand include but are not limited to science,politics,society,and psychology. While it may seem farfetched to think that solving a problem about the trains speed can help us in solving a problem in our lives,the skills that we use in framing the problem,identifying the knowns and unknowns,and taking steps to solve the word problems in mathematics are very important strategies that can be applied to the other problems in life. Mathematics,a language and a set of rules that mostly consist of equations,numbers,and Greek letters,can be understood by people with different nationalities,ethnicities,and beliefs,without any difficulties. Mathematical knowledge is so magical,and it is an important life skill for each of us.
Many of you are curious about the current state of mathematics education in America. Here we will discuss this topic. The ultimate goal of traditional American math classes is to succeed at state exams and standardized tests,which are the basic requirements of the secondary school completion. From what I have observed throughout my teaching career,most math classes in the USA are taught in the following manner: The teacher presents a new topic,does one or two sample problems on the board,and then assigns work to the class. In many cases,the teacher only shows the students one algorithmic approach to the problems rather than teaching for understanding. For many important theorems in the subject,the teacher only covers the results without discussing their proofs. As a result,instead of seeing the continuity of mathematics,students view each mathematics topic as a discrete unit,unrelated to any other topics. So,students easily get overwhelmed by more complicated problems. Evidently,this traditional classroom setting is far from sufficient for the best math students and math lovers—it never satisfies their curiosity for the indepth exploration in the subject. This scenario,in some senses,is a huge waste in intellectual resources. I always believe that to improve the quality of education,we must discover the issues and then resolve them.
To remedy the shortcomings of mathematics education in the USA,my business partner Mr. Steven Conrad and I (both of us recipients of President Ronald Reagans Presidential awards for “Excellence in Mathematics Teaching”) started Math League in the USA in 1977,more than 40 years ago. As one of the earliest math contest companies,our purpose was and remains to build student interest and confidence in mathematics through solving worthwhile problems. This teaching philosophy has triggered the interest and enthusiasm in mathematics studies for thousands of teenagers in the USA. Also,it has helped many excellent math students to stand out from the crowd. More than 15 of my students have been named to the honors group of the Intel National Science Talent Search for the mathematics papers they have written. At the peak period,the number of participants of the Math League contests annually exceeded one million,which greatly promoted the development of mathematics education in the United States. Whether these students ended up in the mathematics career,they were all greatly benefited from the experiences of participating in math contests and math camps during their youths. I am very proud that their accomplishments in mathematics influenced their lives in positive ways.
To shape my students from good to excellent,I often encourage them to do research papers for competitions such as the Intel National Science Talent Search and also have them applied to prestigious summer programs such as the Ross Program at Ohio State University or the PROMYS Program at Boston University. These programs will help students develop a real understanding of mathematics and proofs. These summer camps not only allow students to apply the basic knowledge in extensive directions,but also train their willingness and determination to spend hours on one problem to explore the alternate solutions and generalizations. Through recreational and exploratory problems,math competitions and math camps inspire students to think creatively and encourage them to go extra miles in their studies. This is the core reason that the American math competitions and math camps are so popular in the USA and even in the world. Many high school students in the USA spend their vacations joining academic camps or extracurricular activities to promote their academic interests and competitive strengths. The scores on math competitions and the history of joining math camps are valued significantly in the applications to the best colleges in the USA. These math camps are highly selective about the applicants: Students must think innovatively to solve the math problems on the application forms within a given period of time. They must clearly and logically explain their detailed solution in English,and they also need to complete some essays related to their profound understandings of mathematics.
Furthermore,I highly recommend that my students participate in math competitions such as AMC and AIME. As a preparation for these competitions,students should engage in solving nonroutine questions that have appeared on mathematics competitions in the past. It is only through attempting to solve challenging problems that students extend and build their mathematical strength. Many of the same skills that are required to solve competition mathematics or taught in summer camps are useful in the studies of higher mathematics in college. I hope that many excellent secondary school students in China should proactively get involved in some challenging international math competitions and math summer camps. In this way,they can expand their vision,improve their innovative thinking abilities and fluent English skills,stimulate their potential,and objectively evaluate their math abilities relative to the top students of the same age. I believe that it is an enriching life experience to compete and meet with other students of exceptional mathematics ability and interest.
I am thrilled that the book EnglishChinese Mathematics Encyclopedia: Algebra,Geometry,and PreCalculus will be published soon! This is a collectible mathematics reference book authored by my protégé Jerry C. Leung and his development team in China,through diligent work. This encyclopedia will be a valuable gift for the Chinese students. As one of my best former students,Jerry devotes his time in doing math research and authoring math contest questions. He has written some wonderful contest questions through his pursuits in rigor and perfection. I find out that when participating in international math competitions or math camps,many Chinese students face language barriers,which affect their understanding and communication,and eventually their contest results. Therefore,I always allow the Chinese participants of the Math League contests to use bilingual math dictionaries. However,it is very hard to find such professional and comprehensive bilingual dictionaries in Chinas bookstores that really resolve the issue. Now the publication of the EnglishChinese Mathematics Encyclopedia: Algebra,Geometry,and PreCalculus will fill in the gap for this area. I believe that with the help of such a reference book,the Chinese students can excel even more in their future mathematics studies. From the content,organization,and completeness,the EnglishChinese Mathematics Encyclopedia: Algebra,Geometry,and PreCalculus is a masterpiece that adapts the advantages of the exploratory mathematics education in the USA. This book can help students conquer their obstacles in studying math,improve their learning efficiency,and enhance their mathematics and English skills. My ultimate and sincere wish is that the Chinese students can ardently love mathematics and explore the subject. Not only can they succeed in these intense math contests and camps,but they also can get admitted to their dream colleges. The kingdom of mathematics is marvelous,waiting for highspirited individuals like you to explore. Once you grasp its fundamentals,you can gain more than you expect. I,your old teacher from the USA,await for you surpassing yourself every year. I truly wish you succeed! I will also await meeting you in the Math League summer tournaments. Welcome to Math League!
Daniel FleglerAugust 2019
About Daniel Flegler
Recipient of President Ronald Reagans Presidential Awards for “Excellence in Mathematics Teaching”
Recipient of Princeton Universitys Award for “Distinguished Secondary School Teaching”
Cofounder of the Math League in the USA
Founder of the Mathematics Contests in the USA
Former Mathematics Teacher and Department Chairman at Waldwick High School,New Jersey,USA,for 26 years
Coauthor of 21 Bestseller Mathematics Contest Books
BA in Mathematics from Brown University,MA in Mathematics Education from Columbia University
前言
时代的呼唤
时光飞逝!4年前为了帮女儿找到一本参加美国数学竞赛需要的英汉双语数学工具书,跑遍了京城书店而不得的沮丧情形依然历历在目。后来我们决定不再等待,自己着手组建团队开始编写《英汉数学全书——代数、几何与微积分初步》,直至成书。这4年付出了太多,现在终于看到了这新诞生的“孩子”,心中百感交集。
《英汉数学全书——代数、几何与微积分初步》的诞生顺应了智能化时代背景下中国与世界日益增强的国际文化交流过程中更为专业化、精细化的需求,填补了中国英汉数学工具书的空白。虽然这本工具书还有很多需要改进的地方,但不影响本书成为双语专业工具书领域的里程碑。愿它的面世可以起到抛砖引玉的作用,带动中国更多其他学科领域的英汉双语工具书尽早问世,百花齐放,以飨读者。愿这本双语工具书成为中国学子们的“加油站”,为科技强国贡献一分力量。
数学水平一直以来是我们国人心头的骄傲。可是事实果真如此吗?2002年8月北京成功地举办了第24届国际数学家大会。这是第一次在中国召开,也是第一次在发展中国家召开的国际数学家大会。此次大会成为衡量我国数学水平在国际数学界地位的象征。当时许多媒体发表了一篇名为《中国数学已经达到世界一流水平》的文章。记者曾就此观点采访第一位获得菲尔兹奖的华人数学家丘成桐:“中国数学真的像一些人所说的那样已经接近世界一流水平了吗?”丘成桐先生沉吟片刻,吐出5个字:“差得还很远。”2018年8月1日在里约热内卢举办了第28届国际数学家大会,颁布了四年一度的菲尔兹奖后,中国数学强与弱的问题再一次被热议,其中有一句话特别刺耳,“从1936年颁发第一次菲尔兹奖以来,人口如此庞大的中国,却诞生不了几位获奖得主,谁来救救中国数学,它真的还很年轻”。中国数学强吗?强,曾经我们真的很强。在14世纪以前,中国作为世界上最发达的国家之一,取得过许多辉煌的成就,出现过很多杰出的数学家。在14世纪,世界上重大的数学成就有15项,中国占了9项。而从14世纪到19世纪,世界重大数学成就有100项,中国0项。数据来源: 谁来救救中国数学,它才82岁.http://www.jinciwei.cn/b348586.html
中国的数学教育以大量刷题、重记忆、重解题技巧而轻逻辑和抽象思维能力为特点,学生的基本功非常扎实,计算速度、解题技巧可以“秒杀”外国人。中国学生带着这个优势出国留学后,都会觉得外国的数学比较简单。他们在班上的数学考试和在数学竞赛中都能表现优异。但是我们发现一个有趣的现象: 在高中阶段微积分学得非常好的中国学生,学习抽象代数、拓扑学时会比较吃力,外国的学生反而学得比较轻松,到了大学阶段面对更高端的数学课,外国学生在思维方面表现得更加敏捷。中国的基础数学教得很难、很扎实,但是却只有极少数中国学生选择数学专业继续深造。反观那些计算能力略逊一筹的国外学生,往往成长为数学科研奖项得主。这些现象值得我们深思。数学学习旨在培养人的计算、逻辑和抽象思维三项能力,三者不可偏废。
现在国家已经深刻认识到数学教育改革的重要性,越来越在国家层面重视数学在科技发展中的战略性地位。2018年,国务院发布《关于全面加强基础科学研究的若干意见》(国发〔2018〕4号),提出“潜心加强基础科学研究,对数学、物理等重点基础学科给予更多倾斜”。为切实加强我国数学科学研究,科技部、教育部、中科院、自然科学基金委于2019年7月联合制定了《关于加强数学科学研究工作方案》,值得我们期待。华裔数学大师陈省身曾在《怎样把中国建为数学大国》中说: 我们要创办世界水平的、一流的数学研究院,开办一些基本的数学先进课程,将科学的种子播下并在中国本土生根发芽。我们既要避免盲目的夜郎自大,又要鼓足勇气在挑战中砥砺前行。相信我们可以在中西合璧、取长补短的数学教育理念中找到答案。本书不仅仅是一本全面系统的工具书,还是一个了解国际数学,尤其是美国数学教育的窗口,希望借此机会激发大家展开一场关于数学教育的讨论,找到我们的不足之处,然后弥补不足而进步。
数学是科学的“皇后”,其重要性不言而喻。数学是自然科学的基础,也是重大技术创新发展的基础。数学实力往往影响着国家实力,几乎所有的重大发现都与数学的发展与进步相关,数学已成为航空航天、国防安全、生物医药、信息、能源、海洋、人工智能、先进制造等领域不可或缺的重要支撑。最近读到华为舵手任正非先生的一篇精彩演讲文稿,里面提及中国和美国的差距就两个字——软件。今天的信息技术时代,互联网、大数据、云计算、人工智能靠什么来支撑呢?就是靠软件。手机、计算机都离不开软件,它是最基础的科技。毋庸置疑,人类社会最终要走向人工智能,这是一个软件至上的时代!软件的背后又是什么呢?软件的背后是算法。算法的背后就是数学。
2019年中美贸易摩擦不断升级的背景下,任正非于2019年5月21日接受《面对面》节目记者董倩独家专访时提到:“我们国家修桥、修路、修房子……已经习惯了只要砸钱就行,但是芯片砸钱不行,得砸数学家、物理学家、化学家……中国要踏踏实实在数学、化学、神经学、脑科学各方面努力地去改变,我们才可能在这个世界上站得起来。”2万字的采访实录,任老先生27处提及“数学”,多次举例说明数学对华为科技竞争力的重要性,我们深深地被他采访中体现的爱国情怀和高瞻远瞩所激励和感动。中国著名自然语言处理和搜索专家吴军博士2017年11月在北京作了一篇精彩的主题演讲,题目为《教育改变命运》。其中提到了“我们为什么学习数学”这个话题,他对数学学习的真知灼见非常有必要在此分享。他提出: 数学的重要性在于它培养科学的常识和基本的素养,讲究逻辑和方法。每一种解决数学题的方法都可以用于工作和创业。当你遇到一个不会解决的问题时,以前那些解数学题的逻辑全都用得上。学好数学需要三个要素: 读题要读对; 基础知识要牢固; 逻辑能力要具备。把题读懂了,从已知到未知,读懂题就是知道自己现在的位置在哪儿,未来要去哪儿。分析和逻辑就是找到这条路,基础知识是你的工具,你的逻辑自己学会把这条路走通了。学好数学就是这三条,遗憾的是,大部分人学数学只知道第二条——基础知识牢固。老师把第二条全教给了你,关键是你题也没读懂,也没找到逻辑。在今天这样一个竞争激烈的时代背景下,科技强国梦需要更先进的数学理念和成果作为支撑,需要培养出更多、更杰出的数学人才。当然,世界是多元的,我们也不必期待所有的数学尖子生都成为数学家,但是如果他们能够领悟到数学之美并从中得到很好的逻辑思维训练,日后进入他们感兴趣的领域发展,很好地生活和工作,也是我们备感欣慰的事情。
上文提及读懂题至关重要,在这里有一个不能回避的现实问题: 中国留学生在熟练运用专业数学语言能力方面还比较有限。学术英文能力的欠缺在方方面面严重制约了学生的学业、学术进步和长远的职业发展。探讨、沟通、写论文、读专业文章以及获取优质的各种课程资源都需要坚实的语言基础。本书除引入美国数学教学元素供读者体会之外,还有一个重要的目的就是提升中国学生的数学英文水平,帮助他们扫清语言障碍。
本书的大部分读者应该是一群志在四方的年轻人,他们背负着“以梦为马,不负韶华”的梦想负笈海外,让我的思绪不禁穿越到147年前。回首当年,在第一个毕业于耶鲁大学的中国人——爱国者容闳先生18年不懈的努力和积极推动下,清政府终于同意向美国派驻中国第一批官派赴美留学生。这些留学生是一群平均年龄只有12岁的孩子。1872年8月11日,一艘即将从上海出发远涉重洋的轮船在码头冒着白烟,送别的亲人泪眼婆娑……因为在那个时代,这次分别意味着长久的离别。这些留学生要在波涛汹涌的大海中航行25天才能抵达美国旧金山,然后还要乘坐7天的蒸汽火车才能抵达留学目的地——美国东北部的新英格兰地区。清政府先后分四批派出120名留美幼童,他们聪敏、勤奋,取得了令美国人都惊叹不已的优异成绩。他们当中除了在美早亡和在中法战争、甲午战争中捐躯的23名外,剩下的97名都成了建设国家的栋梁,完成了他们在那个时代被赋予的历史使命。生活在今天的我们是如此幸运,科技高度发达,飞机可以让我们日行万里,不必再历经数月跋山涉水旅途劳顿; 我们拥有各种现代化通信工具,可以随时随地跟亲人“天涯若比邻”。在此提及这个尘封已久的故事用以勉励即将留学或已经在海外留学的每一个年轻人,一定要好好学习,追求梦想,不要辜负青春好年华。
我自己的女儿也是一名留美高中生,一路陪伴她成长的历程让我深知孩子们留学前准备过程的艰辛和留学期间长期的高负荷学习压力,他们在外面留学非常不容易。带着对这群孩子深深的责任和爱,我和我的中美研发团队一起完成此书。尽管我们已经尽力发挥匠人精神,对本书精雕细琢,但难免还有疏漏和不足之处,还望广大读者批评指正,以待进一步修改和完善。在本书的编写期间得到了北京资深数学名师金莹莹女士和耿喜良先生的大力指导和帮助,他们都是中国数学教育领域顶级的数学导师,他们为本书倾情贡献了积累多年的宝贵数学经验和智慧,在此表示深深谢意; 同时非常感谢清华大学出版社首席策划编辑盛东亮先生的慧眼识珠以及他的整个编辑团队的倾情奉献,使本书得以尽早面世,以飨读者。感谢我的女儿李佳蓉(Li Jiarong),是她参加美国数学竞赛时在国内基本找不到英汉双语数学工具书激发了我们编写本书的灵感,是她积极促成了本书。她留学之前就屡屡在数学大赛中获奖,良好的数学基础使她有能力胜任本书某些章节的创作和编辑工作,这使她的数学实践能力再次得到了巩固和提升。
这本《英汉数学全书——代数、几何与微积分初步》终于完稿,终于可以为中国学子提供一本好用的案头双语数学工具书了。 我们对本书的编写也可以暂告一段落,可以静下心来喝杯茶,然后继续酝酿下一本敬献给中国学子们的好书。
“中国是数学大国,大不一定强,想成为数学强国,要靠你们!”
——陈省身先生于92岁时对中国少年的寄语
吴晓云于北京
2019年7月