推荐序向学者同行们推荐李飞博士的这部学术专著,同时,作为她的博士后联系导师,非常荣幸,对这段高质量的研究过程以及学术成果做简要介绍。
李飞本科毕业于浙江大学经济学院,打下了扎实的经济学理论基础。硕博连读继续在浙江大学经济学院攻读经济学博士,博士期间一直专注于中国企业海外并购整合的相关研究。2017年9月进入北京邮电大学经济管理学院成为师资博士后,她的研究方向与我对中国企业国际化问题的研究兴趣和方向相契合,很高兴她加入我的研究团队开展中国制造业海外并购整合、网络嵌入与创新的研究工作。
在两年的博士后期间,李飞博士对学术研究充满了热爱和激情,她如饥似渴、废寝忘食地阅读国内外前沿文献,在每周团队组会上进行无私的分享讨论,在团队中起到了重要作用。尽管初出茅庐,但大气磅礴,表现出独立的科研能力和潜质。作为合作导师和她的学术引路人之一,我经常就如何提炼科学问题、合理切入理论位置等问题与她展开深入讨论,就中国企业国际化实践过程中的现实问题提炼研究选题和方向,以帮助她提升研究的实践价值。我鼓励与资助她多次参加AIB国际商务年会、AIB中国年会、中国世界经济学会、中国科技评价学术研讨会、中国软科学年会等国内、外高水平学术会议,进行成果汇报,吸收接纳来自多元化研究背景的学者的审视和批判,发现存在的问题,扩展研究的视野宽度。
李飞博士在博士后期间参与我的多项课题申报和研究,包括中国科学院学部咨询项目、国家自然科学基金面上项目、北京市自然科学基金面上项目等,在课题研究中作出了重要的理论贡献。2018年,李飞博士第一次申请国家自然科学基金青年项目,就获得了国家自然科学基金委员会项目资助,表明她的研究质量和价值得到专家的认可,作为合作导师我由衷地为她感到高兴。李飞博士与我合作完成的一系列研究成果发表在国内外高水平期刊上,获得国际与国内学术同行的认可。2019年10月,李飞博士完成博士后出站答辩,研究成果优秀,顺利留校成为北京邮电大学经济管理学院讲师。
本专著为李飞博士在博士后期间主要研究工作的成果凝练,也是国家自然科学基金青年项目资助的重要研究成果。我多次邀请国际商务领域与企业创新研究的国内外知名学者,包括南开大学葛顺奇教授、香港大学商学院陈文娟教授、英国雷丁大学YP Liu教授、斯德哥尔摩大学房晓辉教授、《中国工业经济》编辑部王燕梅主任、中国人民大学易靖韬教授、《中国软科学》常务副主编武夷山研究员、《世界经济》编辑部宋志刚研究员、英国布鲁内尔大学虞克明教授等到实验室讨论交流,他们也为李飞博士的研究提出了宝贵意见。李飞博士参与了联想集团、京东方科技集团、北汽福田汽车、京东集团、兰光创新科技有限公司等企业实地调研,她的研究成果吸纳了这些企业国际化与智能制造方面的实践经验。与企业一线领导者的访谈为本书的撰写提供了珍贵的一手资料,本书的研究结论与规律也能够为企业发展建言献策。
中国企业国际化过程决定论、面临的“时间挤压不经济”与生存难题,是我长期研究和关注的问题。中国企业在尚未积累足够国际化经验的情况下跨越式地选择海外并购,背离了乌普萨拉渐进国际化模式,往往更容易陷入难以整合提升创新的困境。中国制造业企业在选取海外并购标的时,较多集中在易于编码、易于标准化、规模化的知识,对复杂性高、不可转移性强的知识整合明显不足。加之中国庞大的市场规模优势和消费者对海外品牌的原产地偏好,使中国企业并购后不依靠深度资源整合便可攫取短期财务利润,但却与“走向世界创新中心”的宏观创新战略存在矛盾,这一现象较难用发达国家所有权优势理论和中国海外并购绩效的已有研究结论解释与指导。
本专著针对中国制造业海外并购获取高复杂性知识,提升创新质量的内在要求,指出数字技术蓬勃发展使知识的属性从高度嵌入依附于有形资产的复杂知识逐步转变为简化、标准化、服务化和网络结构共同所有化的知识,给中国制造业海外知识获取与整合带来新的机遇。本书突破传统OLI范式定义的所有权优势、区位优势与内部化优势,探讨数字经济时代的中国跨国企业是否能够形成第四种全新的竞争优势——以网络资源获取、网络中心嵌入为核心“网络优势”?全新的竞争优势如何通过网络均衡,克服数字鸿沟,弥合中国制造业高复杂性知识的缺口,促进中国企业走向世界创新中心?本书探索企业网络优势与国家网络优势的交互作用对海外并购创新质量的影响机制,对于突破传统跨国企业竞争优势理论的边界,形成数字经济情境下“网络优势决定论”的新兴市场跨国公司竞争优势的新理论体系具有重要价值。
作为李飞博士的合作者与托举者,我很高兴能够引领她从刚出校门的博士毕业生成长为具有独立探索能力的青年学者,看到她具有创新的研究思维、严谨的学术态度,取得的丰富研究成果,也感到十分欣慰。最后,希望本书能为广大学术同行与企业国际化的一线工作者提供理论研究线索和决策参考,也欢迎更多从事本领域研究的专家学者与青年才俊,与我们一道跟踪探索中国企业国际化的最新理论与实践,为中国实现高水平对外开放贡献力量。
陈岩2020年5月25日北京新兴市场跨国公司的兴起与数字化发展深刻重塑了跨国公司竞争优势的内涵。以中国企业为代表的新兴市场跨国公司的发展呈现出无法用西方跨国公司理论解释的独特规律,国际生产折中理论的研究范式无法解释中国企业在缺乏所有权优势的条件下,如何通过海外并购整合从网络边缘跃迁至创新中心实现跨越式创新,并给予进一步指导;发达国家跨国公司并购后组织结构整合的相关研究也无法透视中国企业保留海外子公司自主权的表象下更深层次资源整合的内核。随着数字技术的快速发展,跨国公司的竞争优势不再仅建立在企业内部已拥有的资源之上,而是依托于企业能够通过各种网络从外部访问的能力。新兴市场更容易摆脱旧技术范式依赖,跨越现有解决方案来加速数字创新,进而释放市场规模引致的 “大数据”优势,形成数字化时代新兴市场跨国公司的竞争新优势。
目前中国海外并购整合方面的研究专著,大多沿用发达国家跨国公司理论,对中国企业独特的并购整合模式缺乏理论解释,对中国企业如何突破所有权优势的限制、利用国家综合竞争优势的内在逻辑进行理论解释更为匮乏。而基于典型案例分析的研究结论,不具有普及价值并制约管理启示。更未有系统研究当前数字化给以中国为代表的新兴市场海外并购带来的机遇与挑战。
本书是在数字化情境下探索中国企业海外并购整合模式对企业创新的影响因素与影响机制,基于创新网络中心嵌入与均衡嵌入视角,提出中国企业海外并购整合的“网络优势决定论”的理论与逻辑。本书共分为七章,引论部分概述了本书的研究背景与核心概念,第一章对海外并购整合与企业技术创新的国内外相关文献进行梳理,在此基础上,第二章至第五章分别从海外并购中的新兴市场跨国公司竞争优势、网络中心嵌入优势、网络均衡嵌入优势、数字经济情境下网络优势角度分析中国企业海外并购整合与创新的理论逻辑,内容前后衔接、层层递进,拓展和丰富中国企业海外并购的“网络优势决定论”的内涵。第六章为研究结论与启示。
本书的基本特点在于: 第一,跟踪前沿,阐述数字化重塑跨国公司优势理论的最新研究进展。本书收集了截至2019年的大量中外参考文献、统计数据、国内外会议论文,特别是国际商务领域关注数字化与内部化理论的相关文献。本书旨在尝试突破传统国际生产折中理论OLI范式定义的所有权优势、区位优势与内部化优势,探索数字经济时代的中国跨国公司是否能够形成第四种全新的竞争优势——“网络优势”。第二,注重理论发展与政策分析相结合,为构建新时代中国企业海外并购整合从网络边缘嵌入网络中心的跨越式创新政策体系提供思路;提供符合中国企业实际的海外并购整合决策体系,关注中国企业实践中对目标方更深层次的知识整合、品牌整合、关键业务整合对企业创新的关键作用;为数字化情境下的“网络优势”中国企业弥合高复杂性知识的缺口、促进中国企业走向世界创新中心提供政策思路。第三,在对联想集团、京东方科技集团、万向集团、吉利汽车、北汽福田汽车等开展实地调研的基础上,交叉匹配国际权威数据库形成中国企业海外并购整合与创新的研究样本库,采用多种计量分析模型和创新网络分析工具提炼中国企业海外并购整合与创新的一般规律,为新兴经济体国际化“网络优势决定论”提供实证依据。
本书为国家自然科学基金青年项目(项目批准号: 71802027)、北京市社会科学基金青年项目(项目批准号: 18YJC019)、北京邮电大学基本科研业务费项目(项目批准号: 2020RC29)的研究成果。
本书主要内容由笔者在北京邮电大学经济管理学院从事博士后研究工作期间完成,博士后合作导师陈岩教授对本研究作出重要贡献!陈岩教授带领笔者多次开展企业实地调研与专题讨论,促进本研究求真务实,并对研究思路和框架提供了大量指导与帮助。
感谢北京邮电大学经济管理学院王欢院长提供的科研和学术平台,感谢北京邮电大学经济管理学院闫强教授、何瑛教授、张生太教授、李宏兵教授对本研究多次提出宝贵意见。感谢北京邮电大学网络与交换技术国家重点实验室主任张平院士和北京邮电大学彭扬教授在网络研究方法上给予本研究的支持!
感谢我的博士导师、浙江大学经济学院陈菲琼教授,启发我对中国企业海外并购整合策略的关注与兴趣,陈菲琼教授的国际化与前瞻性的学术视野、“静”与“勤”的治学态度,也让我受用终生。
感谢北京大学武常岐教授、中国人民大学易靖韬教授、对外经济贸易大学刘青教授、香港大学陈文娟教授、中央财经大学霍达教授、英国雷丁大学YP Liu教授、美国休斯敦大学Jaime Ortiz教授对本研究提出的宝贵建议。感谢AIB 2019 项目主席Maria Tereza Fleury教授的邀请,使得本研究能够在Academy of International Business国际商务全球会议中进行广泛而深入的讨论,本书依此进行改进。
本书读者对象包括海外投资与创新领域研究者、企业海外战略决策者、海外投资政策制定者以及对中国海外并购感兴趣的广大读者。
本书在撰写过程中,参考了国内外学者的研究成果,谨向各位学者表示真诚的感激和敬意!本书存在不足之处,敬请读者和学术界同人不吝指正。
李飞2020年3月于清水河畔ForewordThe rise of emerging market multinational enterprises and the development of digitalization has profoundly reshaped the connotation of competitive advantage of multinational enterprises. The development of emerging market multinational enterprises represented by China shows a unique law that can not be explained by western multinational company theory, and the eclectic paradigm of international production can not explain and give further guidance how Chinese enterprises can realize leapfrog innovation through crossborder M & A integration from the edge of the network to the innovation center under the condition of lack of ownership advantage; The relevant research on the integration of organizational structure after the M & A of developed countries multinational companies cant touch the core of deeper integration of resources under the representation of Chinese enterprises retaining the autonomy of overseas subsidiaries. With the rapid development of digital technology, the competitive advantage of multinational enterprises is not only based on internal resources, but also on the ability of enterprises to access from the outside through various networks. Emerging markets are more likely to get rid of the dependence of the old technology paradigm and accelerate digital innovation across existing solutions, thus releasing the “big data” advantage caused by market scale and forming a new competitive advantage for multinational enterprises in emerging markets in the digital era.
Most of the published books on the integration of Chinas crossborder M & A follow the theory of multinational companies in developed countries, lacking theoretical explanation for the unique integration mode of Chinese enterprises after M & A, and even less theoretical explanation for how Chinese enterprises break through the limitation of ownership advantage and use national comprehensive competitive advantage. The universal value and management implications of the research conclusion of typical case analyses are restricted. At present, the opportunities and challenges brought by digitalization for crossborder M & A in emerging markets represented by China have not been systematically studied.
Therefore, this book explores the influencing factors and mechanisms of Chinese enterprises crossborder postmerger integration mode on enterprise innovation in the digital context. Based on the perspective of innovation network center embedding and balanced embedding, it puts forward the theory and logic of “network advantage determinism” of Chinese enterprises crossborder postmerger integration. This book is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the related literature of crossborder postmerger integration and enterprise innovation is sorted out, and the research space is found. On this basis, the second to fifth chapters respectively analyze the competitive advantages of emerging market multinational enterprises, the advantages of network centrality embedding, the advantages of network balance embedding, and the advantages of the network in the context of the digital economy. The contents of the four chapters are carried on and progressed step by step to expand and enrich the connotation of network advantage determinism of Chinese enterprises crossborder M & A. The sixth chapter is the conclusion and enlightenment, summarizing the conclusion of this study, combing the theoretical and management enlightenment of this study, and discussing the limitations of this study.
The basic features of this book are as follows: first, following the leading edge, this book elaborates on the latest research progress, especially the theory of digitalization and the advantages of multinational enterprises. This study collected a large number of references, statistical data, conference papers at home and abroad up to 2019, especially the attention of the international business field to the theory of digitalization and internalization. The purpose of this book is to try to break through the ownership advantage, location advantage, and internalization advantage defined by the traditional OLI paradigm, and explore whether Chinese multinational enterprises can form a fourth brandnew competitive advantage—“network advantage” in the era of the digital economy. Second, this book focuses on the combination of theoretical development and policy analysis, to provide ideas for the construction of a leapfrog innovation policy system in which Chinese enterprises jump from the edge of the network into the network center through crossborder integration; this book provides a decisionmaking system for the integration in crossborder M & A in line with the actual situation of Chinese enterprises, and pays attention to the deeper integration of knowledge, brand and key business of the target in the practice of Chinese enterprises, and provides policy ideas for Chinese enterprises to bridge the gap of high complexity knowledge and promote Chinese enterprises to go to the world innovation center. Third, based on field research on Lenovo Group, BOE Technology Group, Wanxiang Group, Geely Automobile, BAIC Foton Automobile, etc., an empirical sample database of crossborder M & As and innovation of Chinese enterprises is formed by crossmatching with international authoritative databases, and the general law of integration and innovation of Chinese enterprises is extracted through a variety of econometric analysis models and innovation network analysis tools. The law provides an empirical basis for the “network advantage determinism” of the internationalization of emerging economies.
This book is an important research achievement of the National Natural Science Foundation Youth Project (No.71802027), Beijing Social Science Foundation Youth Project (No.18YJC019) and Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications basic scientific research project(No.2020RC29) hosted by the author.
The main content of this book is completed during the postdoctoral research in the School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. Professor Chen Yan, my postdoctoral cooperation tutor, has made important contributions to this research! Professor Chen Yan has led many enterprises to carry out the onthespot investigation and international discussion to promote the research to be realistic and pragmatic. He has provided a lot of insights, guidance, and help for the research ideas and framework.
Thanks to Prof. Wang Huan, Dean of School of Economics and Management of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, for her providing the academic platform, and Professor Yan Qiang, Professor He Ying, Professor Zhang Shengtai,and Professor Li Hongbing of School of Economics and Management of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, for their valuable comments on this study for many times. In terms of research methods, I would like to thank academician Zhang Ping, director of the State Key Laboratory of Network and Exchange technology of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, and Professor Peng Yang, Professor of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications for their support in this research!
Thanks to my doctoral supervisor, Professor Chen Feiqiong from the School of Economics, Zhejiang University, who inspired me to pay attention to and interest in the integration strategy of crossborder M & A of Chinese enterprises. Professor Chen Feiqiongs international and forwardlooking academic vision, “quiet” and “diligent” academic attitude will benefit me all my life.
I would like to thank Professor Wu Changqi of Peking University, Professor Yi Jingtao of the Renmin University of China, Professor Liu Qing of University of International Business and Economics, Professor Chen Wenjuan of Hong Kong University, Professor Huo Da of Central University of Finance and Economics, Professor YP Liu of University of Reading, UK and Professor Jaime Ortiz of University of Houston for their valuable suggestions on this study. Thanks to the invitation of Professor Maria Tereza Fleury, President of AIB 2019 project, this study can be discussed and corrected extensively and indepth in the Academy of International Business Global Conference, and this book is improved accordingly.
The readers of this book include researchers in the field of global investment and innovation, global strategic decisionmakers of enterprises, global investment policymakers, and readers interested in crossborder M & A in China.
In the process of writing this book, I have referred to the research findings of scholars at home and abroad, and I would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect to all the scholars referred and quoted in this study! For the shortcomings of this book, readers and colleagues in the academic community are welcome to correct them.
Li FeiMarch 2020On the Bank of Qingshui River
