Unit 1 The nature of language 1
Objectives 2
1.1 Characteristics of language 2
1.1.1 Language is discrete 2
1.1.2 Language is creative 3
1.1.3 Language is a system 4
1.1.4 Language is arbitrary 6
1.1.5 Language is changeable 6
1.2 Aspects of language 7
1.2.1 Phonetics and phonology 7
1.2.2 Morphology 15
1.2.3 Syntax 18
1.2.4 Semantics 21
1.2.5 Pragmatics 23
1.3 Approaches to language 26
1.3.1 Prescriptive vs . descriptive approaches 26
1.3.2 Synchronic vs . diachronic approaches 28
1.3.3 Syntagmatic vs . paradigmatic approaches 29
1.3.4 Competence vs . performance 30
1.3.5 Linguistics as a science 31
Tasks 32
Unit 2 The study of first language acquisition 37
Objectives 38
2.1 Theories on first language acquisition 38
2.1.1 Behaviorism 38
2.1.2 Innatism 40
2.1.3 Interactionism 43
2.2 Stages of first language acquisition 45
2.2.1 Pre - talking stage 46
2.2.2 Prelinguistic /babbling stage 46
2.2.3 Holophrasic stage 46
2.2.4 Two -word production stage 47
2.2.5 Telegraphic stage 48
2.2.6 Language stage 48
2.3 Atypical language development 49
2.3.1 Hearing impairmen 49
2.3.2 Mental retardation 50
2.3.3 Autism 51
2.3.4 Stuttering 52
2.3.5 Aphasia 53
2.3.6 Dyslexia and dysgraphia 53
Tasks 56
Unit 3 The study of second language acquisition 59
Objectives 60
3.1 Key term 60
3.1.1 Second language acquisition 60
3.1.2 First language / native language / mother tongue / second
language 60
3.1.3 Formal and informal learning 60
3.1.4 Bilingualism / Multilingualism 61
3.2 SLA = First language acquisition? 62
3.2.1 Similarities and differences between second and first
language acquisition 62
3.2.2 The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis 63
3.2.3 The Fundamental Identity Hypothesis 64
3.2.4 Universal grammar and second language acquisition 64
3.3 Krashen 's theory of second language acquisition 65
3.3.1 The acquisition -learning hypothesis 6
3.3.2 The monitor hypothesis 6
3.3.3 The natural order hypothesis 67
3.3.4 The input hypothesis 68
3.3.5 The affective filter hypothesis 69
3.3.6 The role of grammar in Krashen 's view 70
Tasks 70
Unit 4 Interlanguage 73
Objectives 74
4.1 Key term 74
4.1.1 Interlanguage 74
4.1.2 Fossilization 75
4.2 Language transfer 76
4.2.1 Types of language transfer 76
4.2.2 Explanations for language transfer 7
4.3 Input , interaction and outpu 79
4.3.1 Inpu 79
4.3.2 Interaction 81
4.3.3 Output 85
4.4 Knowledge types 87
4.4.1 Declarative and procedural knowledge 87
4.4.2 Explicit and implicit knowledge 8
4.4.3 Knowledge representation and control 89
4.5 Psycholinguistic construct 90
4.5.1 Attention 90
4.5.2 Working memory 91
4.5.3 Monitoring 92
Tasks 93
Unit 5 Instructed second language learning 95
Objectives 96
5.1 Classroom environment 96
5.1.1 Classroom language 96
5.1.2 Traditional instruction and processing instruction 97
5.1.3 The Teachability /Learnability Hypothesi 100
5.2 Focus on form / forms / meaning 101
5.2.1 Focus on form 101
5.2.2 Focus on forms 102
5.2.3 Focus on meaning 104
5.2.4 Input enhancemen 104
5.3 Effectiveness of instruction 106
Tasks 107
Unit 6 Individual differences and second language acquisition 109
Objectives 10
6.1 Intelligence 10
6.2 Language aptitude 13
6.3 Attitude 114
6.4 Language learning motivation 15
6.5 Foreign language anxiety 18
6.6 Language learning strategy 121
Tasks 123
Unit 7 Social -cultural factors and second language acquisition 125
Objectives 126
7.1 Cultural factors 126
7.1.1 Language and thought 126
7.1.2 Language and power 127
7.1.3 Language and ideolog 128
7.1.4 Acculturation theory 129
7.2 Social factors 132
7.2.1 Social class dialect 133
7.2.2 Social network 134
7.2.3 Gender 134
7.2.4 Restricted and elaborated codes 135
7.2.5 Register 136
7.2.6 Jargon and slang 138
7.2.7 Pidgin , creole and lingua franca 139
7.3 Social -interactional approaches 141
7.3.1 Conversation analysis 141
7.3.2 Sociocultural theory 142
Tasks 144
Unit 8 Topics and types of data in second language
acquisition 147
Objectives 148
8.1 Research topics 148
8.2 Types of data 149
8.2.1 Naturalistic data 150
8.2.2 Elicited data 151
8.2.3 Experimental data 154
8.3 Data analysis 157
Tasks 159
References 161