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1Signals and Spectra

1.1Digital Communication Signal

Processing

1.1.1Why Digital

1.1.2Typical Block Diagram and Transformations

1.1.3Basic Digital Communication

Nomenclature

1.1.4Digital Versus Analog Performance

Criteria

1.2Classification of Signals

1.2.1Deterministic and Random

Signals

1.2.2Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

1.2.3Analog and Discrete Signals

1.2.4Energy and Power Signals

1.2.5The Unit Impulse Function

1.3Spectral Density

1.3.1Energy Spectral Density

1.3.2Power Spectral Density

1.4Autocorrelation

1.4.1Autocorrelation of an Energy

Signal

1.4.2Autocorrelation of a Periodic(Power) Signal

1.5Random Signals

1.5.1Random Variables

1.5.2Random Processes

1.5.3Time Averaging and Ergodicity

1.5.4Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation of a Random Process

1.5.5Noise in Communication

Systems

1.6Signal Transmission Through Linear

Systems

1.6.1Impulse Response

1.6.2Frequency Transfer Function

1.6.3Distortionless Transmission

1.6.4Signals, Circuits,and Spectra

1.7Bandwidth of Digital Data

1.7.1Baseband Versus Bandpass

1.7.2The Bandwidth Dilemma

1.8Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

2Formatting and Baseband Modulation

2.1Baseband Systems

2.2Formatting Textual Data(Character

Coding)

2.3Messages, Characters,and Symbols

2.3.1Example of Messages,Characters,

and Symbols

2.4Formatting Analog Information

2.4.1The Sampling Theorem

2.4.2Aliasing

2.4.3Why Oversample

2.4.4Signal Interface for a Digital

System

2.5Sources of Corruption

2.5.1Sampling and Quantizing Effects

2.5.2Channel Effects

2.5.3SignaltoNoise Ratio for Quantized

Pulses

2.6Pulse Code Modulation

2.7Uniform and Nonuniform

Quantization

2.7.1Statistics of Speech Amplitudes

2.7.2Nonuniform Quantization

2.7.3Companding Characteristics

2.8Baseband Transmission

2.8.1Waveform Representation of

Binary Digits

2.8.2PCM Waveform Types

2.8.3Spectral Attributes of PCM

Waveforms

2.8.4Bits per PCM Word and Bits

per Symbol

2.8.5Mary PulseModulation

Waveforms

2.9Correlative Coding

2.9.1Duobinary Signaling

2.9.2Duobinary Decoding

2.9.3Precoding

2.9.4Duobinary Equivalent Transfer

Function

2.9.5Comparison of Binary and Duobinary Signaling

2.9.6Polybinary Signaling

2.10Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

3Baseband Demodulation/Detection

3.1Signals and Noise

3.1.1ErrorPerformance Degradation in Communication Systems

3.1.2Demodulation and Detection

3.1.3A Vectorial View of Signals and

Noise

3.1.4The Basic SNR Parameter for Digital Communication Systems

3.1.5Why Eb/N0 is a Natural Figure

of Merit

3.2Detection of Binary Signals in Gaussian

Noise

3.2.1Maximum Likelihood Receiver

Structure

3.2.2The Matched Filter

3.2.3Correlation Realization of the

Matched Filter

3.2.4Optimizing Error Performance

3.2.5Error Probability Performance of

Binary Signaling

3.3Intersymbol Interference

3.3.1Pulse Shaping to Reduce ISI

3.3.2Two Types of ErrorPerformance Degradation

3.3.3Demodulation/Detection of Shaped

Pulses

3.4Equalization

3.4.1Channel Characterization

3.4.2Eye Pattern

3.4.3Equalizer Filter Types

3.4.4Preset and Adaptive

Equalization

3.4.5Filter Update Rate

3.5Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

4Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation/Detection

4.1Why Modulate

4.2Digital Bandpass Modulation

Techniques

4.2.1Phasor Representation of a

Sinusoid

4.2.2PhaseShift Keying

4.2.3FrequencyShift Keying

4.2.4Amplitude Shift Keying

4.2.5AmplitudePhase Keying

4.2.6Waveform Amplitude Coefficient

4.3Detection of Signals in Gaussian

Noise

4.3.1Decision Regions

4.3.2Correlation Receiver

4.4Coherent Detection

4.4.1Coherent Detection of PSK

4.4.2Sampled Matched Filter

4.4.3Coherent Detection of Multiple

PhaseShift Keying

4.4.4Coherent Detection of FSK

4.5Noncoherent Detection

4.5.1Detection of Differential PSK

4.5.2Binary Differential PSK

Example

4.5.3Noncoherent Detection of FSK

4.5.4Required Tone Spacing for Noncoherent Orthogonal FSK Signaling

4.6Complex Envelope

4.6.1Quadrature Implementation of a

Modulator

4.6.2D8PSK Modulator Example

4.6.3D8PSK Demodulator Example

4.7Error Performance for Binary

Systems

4.7.1Probability of Bit Error for

Coherently Detected BPSK

4.7.2Probability of Bit Error for Coherently

Detected,Differentially Encoded

Binary PSK

4.7.3Probability of Bit Error for Coherently

Detected Binary Orthogonal FSK

4.7.4Probability of Bit Error for Noncoherently Detected Binary Orthogonal FSK

4.7.5Probability of Bit Error for

Binary DPSK

4.7.6Comparison of BitError Performance

for Various Modulation Types

4.8Mary Signaling and Performance

4.8.1Ideal Probability of BitError

Performance

4.8.2Mary Signaling

4.8.3Vectorial View of MPSK

Signaling

4.8.4BPSK and QPSK Have the Same

BitError Probability

4.8.5Vectorial View of MFSK

Signaling

4.9Symbol Error Performance for Mary

Systems(M>2)

4.9.1Probability of Symbol Error for

MPSK

4.9.2Probability of Symbol Error for

MFSK

4.9.3BitError Probability Versus Symbol Error Probability for Orthogonal

Signals

4.9.4BitError Probability Versus Symbol Error Probability for MultiplePhase Signaling

4.9.5Effects of Intersymbol

Interference

4.10Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

5Communications Link Analysis

5.1What the System Link Budget Tells the System Engineer

5.2The Channel

5.2.1The Concept of Free Space

5.2.2ErrorPerformance Degradation

5.2.3Sources of Signal Loss and

Noise

5.3Received Signal Power and Noise

Power

5.3.1The Range Equation

5.3.2Received Signal Power as a

Function of Frequency

5.3.3Path Loss is Frequency Dependent

5.3.4Thermal Noise Power

5.4Link Budget Analysis

5.4.1Two Eb/N0 Values of Interest

5.4.2Link Budgets are Typically

Calculated in Decibels

5.4.3How Much Link Margin is

Enough

5.4.4Link Availability

5.5Noise Figure,Noise Temperature,and System Temperature

5.5.1Noise Figure

5.5.2Noise Temperature

5.5.3Line Loss

5.5.4Composite Noise Figure and

Composite Noise Temperature

5.5.5System Effective Temperature

5.5.6Sky Noise Temperature

5.6Sample Link Analysis

5.6.1Link Budget Details

5.6.2Receiver Figure of Merit

5.6.3Received Isotropic Power

5.7Satellite Repeaters

5.7.1Nonregenerative Repeaters

5.7.2Nonlinear Repeater Amplifiers

5.8System TradeOffs

5.9Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

6Channel Coding: Part 1: Waveform Codes and Block Codes

6.1Waveform Coding and Structured

Sequences

6.1.1Antipodal and Orthogonal

Signals

6.1.2Mary Signaling

6.1.3Waveform Coding

6.1.4WaveformCoding System

Example

6.2Types of Error Control

6.2.1Terminal Connectivity

6.2.2Automatic Repeat Request

6.3Structured Sequences

6.3.1Channel Models

6.3.2Code Rate and Redundancy

6.3.3ParityCheck Codes

6.3.4Why Use ErrorCorrection Coding

6.4Linear Block Codes

6.4.1Vector Spaces

6.4.2Vector Subspaces

6.4.3A(6,3) Linear Block Code

Example

6.4.4Generator Matrix

6.4.5Systematic Linear Block Codes

6.4.6ParityCheck Matrix

6.4.7Syndrome Testing

6.4.8Error Correction

6.4.9Decoder Implementation

6.5ErrorDetecting and ErrorCorrecting Capability

6.5.1Weight and Distance of Binary

Vectors

6.5.2Minimum Distance of a Linear

Code

6.5.3Error Detection and Correction

6.5.4Visualization of a 6Tuple Space

6.5.5Erasure Correction

6.6Usefulness of the Standard Array

6.6.1Estimating Code Capability

6.6.2An (n,k) Example

6.6.3Designing the (8,2) Code

6.6.4Error Detection Versus Error

Correction TradeOffs

6.6.5The Standard Array Provides

Insight

6.7Cyclic Codes

6.7.1Algebraic Structure of Cyclic Codes

6.7.2Binary Cyclic Code Properties

6.7.3Encoding in Systematic Form

6.7.4Circuit for Dividing Polynomials

6.7.5Systematic Encoding with an (n-k)

Stage Shift Register

6.7.6Error Detection with an (n-k)

Stage Shift Register

6.8WellKnown Block Codes

6.8.1Hamming Codes

6.8.2Extended Golay Code

6.8.3BCH Codes

6.9Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

7Channel Coding: Part 2: Convolutional

Codes and ReedSolomon Codes

7.1Convolutional Encoding

7.2Convolutional Encoder Representation

7.2.1Connection Representation

7.2.2State Representation and the

State Diagram

7.2.3The Tree Diagram

7.2.4The Trellis Diagram

7.3Formulation of the Convolutional

Decoding Problem

7.3.1Maximum Likelihood Decoding

7.3.2Channel Models: Hard Versus

Soft Decisions

7.3.3The Viterbi Convolutional

Decoding Algorithm

7.3.4An Example of Viterbi

Convolutional Decoding

7.3.5Decoder Implementation

7.3.6Path Memory and

Synchronization

7.4Properties of Convolutional Codes

7.4.1Distance Properties of

Convolutional Codes

7.4.2Systematic and Nonsystematic Convolutional Codes

7.4.3Catastrophic Error Propagation in Convolutional Codes

7.4.4Performance Bounds for

Convolutional Codes

7.4.5Coding Gain

7.4.6BestKnown Convolutional Codes

7.4.7Convolutional Code Rate

TradeOff

7.4.8SoftDecision Viterbi Decoding

7.5Other Convolutional Decoding

Algorithms

7.5.1Sequential Decoding

7.5.2Comparisons and Limitations of

Viterbi and Sequential Decoding

7.5.3Feedback Decoding

7.6ReedSolomon Codes

7.6.1ReedSolomon Error Probability

7.6.2Why RS Codes Perform Well

Against Burst Noise

7.6.3RS Performance as a Function of

Size,Redundancy,and Code Rate

7.6.4Finite Fields

7.6.5ReedSolomon Encoding

7.6.6ReedSolomon Decoding

7.7Interleaving and Concatenated Codes

7.7.1Block Interleaving

7.7.2Convolutional Interleaving

7.7.3Concatenated Codes

7.8Coding and Interleaving Applied to the Compact Disc Digital Audio System

7.8.1CIRC Encoding

7.8.2CIRC Decoding

7.8.3Interpolation and Muting

7.9Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

8Channel Coding: Part 3:Turbo Codes and

LowDensity Parity Check(LDPC) Codes

8.1Turbo Codes

8.1.1Turbo Code Concepts

8.1.2LogLikelihood Algebra

8.1.3Product Code Example

8.1.4Encoding with Recursive

Systematic Codes

8.1.5A Feedback Decoder

8.1.6The MAP Algorithm

8.1.7MAP Decoding Example

8.2LowDensity Parity Check(LDPC)

Codes

8.2.1Background and Overview

8.2.2The ParityCheck Matrix

8.2.3Finding the BestPerforming

Codes

8.2.4Decoding: An Overview

8.2.5Mathematical Foundations

8.2.6Decoding in the Probability Domain

8.2.7Decoding in the Logarithmic Domain

8.2.8ReducedComplexity Decoders

8.2.9LDPC Performance

8.2.10Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

9Modulation and Coding TradeOffs

9.1Goals of the Communication System

Designer

9.2ErrorProbability Plane

9.3Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth

9.4ShannonHartley Capacity Theorem

9.4.1Shannon Limit

9.4.2Entropy

9.4.3Equivocation and Effective

Transmission Rate

9.5BandwidthEfficiency Plane

9.5.1Bandwidth Efficiency of MPSK and MFSK Modulation

9.5.2Analogies Between the BandwidthEfficiency and ErrorProbability

Planes

9.6Modulation and Coding TradeOffs

9.7Defining, Designing,and Evaluating

Digital Communication Systems

9.7.1Mary Signaling

9.7.2BandwidthLimited Systems

9.7.3PowerLimited Systems

9.7.4Requirements for MPSK and MFSK Signaling

9.7.5BandwidthLimited Uncoded System Example

9.7.6PowerLimited Uncoded System

Example

9.7.7BandwidthLimited and Power

Limited Coded System Example

9.8BandwidthEfficient Modulation

9.8.1QPSK and Offset QPSK Signaling

9.8.2MinimumShift Keying

9.8.3Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

9.9TrellisCoded Modulation

9.9.1The Idea Behind TrellisCoded

Modulation

9.9.2TCM Encoding

9.9.3TCM Decoding

9.9.4Other Trellis Codes

9.9.5TrellisCoded Modulation

Example

9.9.6Multidimensional TrellisCoded

Modulation

9.10Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

10Synchronization

10.1Receiver Synchronization

10.1.1Why We Must Synchronize

10.1.2Alignment at the Waveform

Level and Bit Stream Level

10.1.3CarrierWave Modulation

10.1.4Carrier Synchronization

10.1.5Symbol Synchronization

10.1.6Eye Diagrams and Constellations

10.2Synchronous Demodulation

10.2.1Minimizing Energy in the

Difference Signal

10.2.2Finding the Peak of the Correlation Function

10.2.3The Basic Analog PhaseLocked

Loop(PLL)

10.2.4PhaseLocking Remote Oscillators

10.2.5Estimating Phase Slope(Frequency)

10.3Loop Filters,Control Circuits,and

Acquisition

10.3.1How Many Loop Filters are

There in a System

10.3.2The Key Loop Filters

10.3.3Why We Want R Times Rdot

10.3.4The Phase Error SCurve

10.4PhaseLocked Loop Timing Recovery

10.4.1Recovering Carrier Timing from a Modulated Waveform

10.4.2Classical Timing Recovery

Architectures

10.4.3TimingError Detection: Insight

from the Correlation Function

10.4.4MaximumLikelihood TimingError Detection

10.4.5Polyphase Matched Filter and

Derivative Matched Filter

10.4.6Approximate ML Timing Recovery

PLL for a 32Path PLL

10.5Frequency Recovery Using a

FrequencyLocked Loop(FLL)

10.5.1BandEdge Filters

10.5.2BandEdge Filter NonDataAided Timing Synchronization

10.6Effects of Phase and Frequency

Offsets

10.6.1Phase Offset and No Spinning:

Effect on Constellation

10.6.2Slow Spinning Effect on

Constellation

10.6.3Fast Spinning Effect on

Constellation

10.7Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

11Multiplexing and Multiple Access

11.1Allocation of the Communications

Resource

11.1.1FrequencyDivision Multiplexing/Multiple Access

11.1.2TimeDivision Multiplexing/

Multiple Access

11.1.3Communications Resource

Channelization

11.1.4Performance Comparison of

FDMA and TDMA

11.1.5CodeDivision Multiple Access

11.1.6SpaceDivision and Polarization

Division Multiple Access

11.2MultipleAccess Communications

System and Architecture

11.2.1MultipleAccess Information Flow

11.2.2DemandAssignment Multiple

Access

11.3Access Algorithms

11.3.1ALOHA

11.3.2Slotted ALOHA

11.3.3Reservation ALOHA

11.3.4Performance Comparison of

SALOHA and RALOHA

11.3.5Polling Techniques

11.4MultipleAccess Techniques Employed

with INTELSAT

11.4.1Preassigned FDM/FM/FDMA or

MCPC Operation

11.4.2MCPC Modes of Accessing an INTELSAT Satellite

11.4.3SPADE Operation

11.4.4TDMA in INTELSAT

11.4.5SatelliteSwitched TDMA in

INTELSAT

11.5MultipleAccess Techniques for

Local Area Networks

11.5.1CarrierSense MultipleAccess

Networks

11.5.2TokenRing Networks

11.5.3Performance Comparison of CSMA/CD

and TokenRing Networks

11.6Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

12SpreadSpectrum Techniques

12.1SpreadSpectrum Overview

12.1.1The Beneficial Attributes of

SpreadSpectrum Systems

12.1.2A Catalog of Spreading Techniques

12.1.3Model for DirectSequence Spread

Spectrum Interference Rejection

12.1.4Historical Background

12.2Pseudonoise Sequences

12.2.1Randomness Properties

12.2.2Shift Register Sequences

12.2.3PN Autocorrelation Function

12.3DirectSequence SpreadSpectrum

Systems

12.3.1Example of Direct Sequencing

12.3.2Processing Gain and Performance

12.4FrequencyHopping Systems

12.4.1FrequencyHopping Example

12.4.2Robustness

12.4.3Frequency Hopping with Diversity

12.4.4Fast Hopping Versus Slow Hopping

12.4.5FFH/MFSK Demodulator

12.4.6Processing Gain

12.5Synchronization

12.5.1Acquisition

12.5.2Tracking

12.6Jamming Considerations

12.6.1The Jamming Game

12.6.2Broadband Noise Jamming

12.6.3PartialBand Noise Jamming

12.6.4MultipleTone Jamming

12.6.5Pulse Jamming

12.6.6RepeatBack Jamming

12.6.7BLADES System

12.7Commercial Applications

12.7.1CodeDivision Multiple Access

12.7.2Multipath Channels

12.7.3The FCC Part 15 Rules for

SpreadSpectrum Systems

12.7.4Direct Sequence Versus Frequency Hopping

12.8Cellular Systems

12.8.1DirectSequence CDMA

12.8.2Analog FM Versus TDMA

Versus CDMA

12.8.3InterferenceLimited Versus

DimensionLimited Systems

12.8.4IS95 CDMA Digital Cellular

System

12.9Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

13Source Coding

13.1Sources

13.1.1Discrete Sources

13.1.2Waveform Sources

13.2Amplitude Quantizing

13.2.1Quantizing Noise

13.2.2Uniform Quantizing

13.2.3Saturation

13.2.4Dithering

13.2.5Nonuniform Quantizing

13.3Pulse Code Modulation

13.3.1Differential Pulse Code Modulation

13.3.2OneTap Prediction

13.3.3NTap Prediction

13.3.4Delta Modulation

13.3.5ΣΔ Modulation

13.3.6ΣΔ AtoD Converter(ADC)

13.3.7ΣΔ DtoA Converter(DAC)

13.4Adaptive Prediction

13.4.1Forward Adaptation

13.4.2Synthesis/Analysis Coding

13.5Block Coding

13.5.1Vector Quantizing

13.6Transform Coding

13.6.1Quantization for Transform

Coding

13.6.2Subband Coding

13.7Source Coding for Digital Data

13.7.1Properties of Codes

13.7.2Huffman Code

13.7.3RunLength Codes

13.8Examples of Source Coding

13.8.1Audio Compression

13.8.2Image Compression

13.9Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

14Fading Channels

14.1The Challenge of Communicating over Fading Channels

14.2Characterizing MobileRadio

Propagation

14.2.1LargeScale Fading

14.2.2SmallScale Fading

14.3Signal Time Spreading

14.3.1Signal Time Spreading Viewed in

the TimeDelay Domain

14.3.2Signal Time Spreading Viewed in

the Frequency Domain

14.3.3Examples of Flat Fading and FrequencySelective Fading

14.4Time Variance of the Channel

Caused by Motion

14.4.1Time Variance Viewed in the

Time Domain

14.4.2Time Variance Viewed in the

DopplerShift Domain

14.4.3Performance over a Slow and

FlatFading Rayleigh Channel

14.5Mitigating the Degradation Effects

of Fading

14.5.1Mitigation to Combat FrequencySelective Distortion

14.5.2Mitigation to Combat FastFading Distortion

14.5.3Mitigation to Combat Loss in

SNR

14.5.4Diversity Techniques

14.5.5Modulation Types for Fading

Channels

14.5.6The Role of an Interleaver

14.6Summary of the Key Parameters Characterizing Fading Channels

14.6.1FastFading Distortion: Case 1

14.6.2FrequencySelective Fading

Distortion: Case 2

14.6.3FastFading and FrequencySelective Fading Distortion: Case 3

14.7Applications: Mitigating the Effects of FrequencySelective Fading

14.7.1The Viterbi Equalizer as Applied

to GSM

14.7.2The Rake Receiver Applied to DirectSequence SpreadSpectrum(DS/SS) Systems

14.8Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

15The ABCs of OFDM(Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing)

15.1What is OFDM

15.2Why OFDM

15.3Getting Started with OFDM

15.4Our Wish List(Preference for Flat

Fading and Slow Fading)

15.4.1OFDMs Most Important Contribution

to Communications over Multipath

Channels

15.5Conventional MultiChannel FDM

Versus MultiChannel OFDM

15.6The History of the Cyclic Prefix(CP)

15.6.1Examining the Lengthened

Symbol in OFDM

15.6.2The Length of the CP

15.7OFDM System Block Diagram

15.8Zooming in on the IDFT

15.9An Example of OFDM Waveform

Synthesis

15.10Summarizing OFDM Waveform

Synthesis

15.11Data Constellation Points Distributed

over the Subcarrier Indexes

15.11.1Signal Processing in the OFDM

Receiver

15.11.2OFDM SymbolTime Duration

15.11.3Why DC is Not Used as a

Subcarrier in Real Systems

15.12Hermitian Symmetry

15.13How Many Subcarriers are Needed

15.14The Importance of the Cyclic

Prefix(CP) in OFDM

15.14.1Properties of Continuous and

Discrete Fourier Transforms

15.14.2Reconstructing the OFDM

Subcarriers

15.14.3A Property of the Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT)

15.14.4Using Circular Convolution for Reconstructing an OFDM Subcarrier

15.14.5The Trick That Makes Linear Convolution Appear Circular

15.15An Early OFDM Application: WiFi Standard 802.11a

15.15.1Why the Transform Size N Needs

to Be Larger Than the Number of Subcarriers

15.16Cyclic Prefix(CP) and Tone

Spacing

15.17LongTerm Evolution(LTE) Use

of OFDM

15.17.1LTE Resources: Grid,Block,and Element

15.17.2OFDM Frame in LTE

15.18Drawbacks of OFDM

15.18.1Sensitivity to Doppler

15.18.2PeaktoAverage Power Ratio

(PAPR) and SCOFDM

15.18.3Motivation for Reducing

PAPR

15.19SingleCarrier OFDM(SCOFDM) for

Improved PAPR Over Standard OFDM

15.19.1SCOFDM Signals Have Short Mainlobe Durations

15.19.2Is There an Easier Way to

Implement SCOFDM

15.20Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

16The Magic of MIMO(Multiple Input/

Multiple Output)

16.1What is MIMO

16.1.1MIMO Historical Perspective

16.1.2Vectors and Phasors

16.1.3MIMO Channel Model

16.2Various Benefits of Multiple

Antennas

16.2.1Array Gain

16.2.2Diversity Gain

16.2.3SIMO Receive Diversity

Example

16.2.4MISO Transmit Diversity

Example

16.2.5TwoTime Interval MISO

Diversity Example

16.2.6Coding Gain

16.2.7Visualization of Array Gain,Diversity

Gain,and Coding Gain

16.3Spatial Multiplexing

16.3.1Basic Idea of MIMOSpatial Multiplexing(MIMOSM)

16.3.2Analogy Between MIMOSM

and CDMA

16.3.3When Only the Receiver Has Channel

State Information(CSI)

16.3.4Impact of the Channel Model

16.3.5MIMO and OFDM Form a Natural Coupling

16.4Capacity Performance

16.4.1Deterministic Channel

Modeling

16.4.2Random Channel Models

16.5Transmitter ChannelState

Information(CSI)

16.5.1Optimum Power Distribution

16.6SpaceTime Coding

16.6.1Block Codes in MIMO Systems

16.6.2Trellis Codes in MIMO Systems

16.7MIMO TradeOffs

16.7.1Fundamental TradeOff

16.7.2TradeOff Yielding Greater

Robustness for PAM and QAM

16.7.3TradeOff Yielding Greater

Capacity for PAM and QAM

16.7.4Tools for Trading Off Multiplexing Gain and Diversity Gain

16.8MultiUser MIMO(MUMIMO)

16.8.1What is MUMIMO

16.8.2SUMIMO and MUMIMO

Notation

16.8.3A Real Shift in MIMO

Thinking

16.8.4MUMIMO Capacity

16.8.5SumRate Capacity Comparison for Various Precoding Strategies

16.8.6MUMIMO Versus SUMIMO Performance

16.9Conclusion

References

Problems

Questions

The Following Elements Will be Online Only

17Encryption and Decryption

Appendix AA Review of Fourier Techniques

Appendix BFundamentals of Statistical Decision Theory

Appendix CResponse of a Correlator to White Noise

Appendix DOftenUsed Identities

Appendix EsDomain, zDomain,and Digital Filtering

Appendix FOFDM Symbol Formation with an NPoint Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT)

Appendix GList of Symbols

These online elements can be found at informit.com/ title/9780134588568.

1信号与频谱1

1.1数字通信信号

处理2

1.1.1为什么要数字化2

1.1.2典型框图与

变换3

1.1.3数字通信基本

术语6

1.1.4数字通信与模拟通信的

性能准则8

1.2信号分类8

1.2.1确定信号与随机

信号8

1.2.2周期信号与非周期信号8

1.2.3模拟信号与离散信号8

1.2.4能量信号与功率信号9

1.2.5单位冲激函数10

1.3谱密度10

1.3.1能量谱密度10

1.3.2功率谱密度11

1.4自相关函数12

1.4.1能量信号的自相关

函数12

1.4.2周期（功率）信号的自

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