前 言
器官移植是20世纪生命医学科学的重大进展,经过了从临床实验到临床应用的发展过程,该项技术逐渐成熟,成为治疗终末期器官功能衰竭的有效医疗手段,拯救了众多的器官功能衰竭患者,促进了我国生命医学科学的发展。由于器官移植需要一个可供移植的器官,无论是尸体捐献器官还是亲属捐献的活体器官,均涉及社会、宗教、伦理、政治、法治等深层次问题,与国家的传统文化和社会经济发展密切相关。
器官移植事业要扎根本国的传统文化,立足于社会发展阶段的国情,又要遵循全世界公认的伦理准则。2006年3月16日,原国家卫生部印发《人体器官移植技术临床应用管理暂行规定》(卫医发〔2006〕94号),要求将移植医院进行技术准入审核,统一标准和严格管理。同年,全国人体器官移植临床应用管理峰会在广州召开,移植界医务人员凝聚器官移植改革共识,发布了《广州宣言》,全国器官移植医疗机构整顿工作正式拉开帷幕。中国政府高度重视发展人体器官捐献与移植事业,在2007年5月我国第一部《人体器官移植条例》(以下简称《条例》)由国务院正式颁布实施,标志着我国人体器官捐献与移植工作体系建设逐步完善。同年,原卫生部发布《卫生部办公厅关于境外人员申请人体器官移植有关问题的通知》(卫办医发〔2007〕110号),明确规定“禁止国外公民来中国器官移植旅游”。2010年,原国家卫生部与中国红十字会总会共同启动了公民逝世后器官捐献工作试点,本着立足于中国社会发展阶段与文化传统基础,建立了中国红十字会作为第三方机构进行器官捐献动员和见证机制,并依据国际通行准则和中国国情,创新性地提出公民逝世后器官捐献的三类死亡判断标准:I类(脑死亡后器官捐献);II类(心脏死亡后器官捐献);III类(心脑双死亡后器官捐献),奠定了中国公民逝世后自愿器官捐献死亡判定的理论基础。2011年,中国出台了《刑法修正案(八)》,严禁器官买卖的行为,并增设“器官买卖罪”,进一步加强了器官捐献的法治化建设。2011年,中国人体器官分配与共享计算机系统(COTRS)上线运行,通过计算机系统自主分配,明确遵循区域优先、病情危重优先、组织配型优先、儿童匹配优先、血型相同优先、器官捐献者直系亲属优先、稀有机会优先、等待顺序优先等国际器官获取与分配的原则,有序地组建了器官捐献协调员队伍。
经过三年的不懈努力,试点工作取得了成功,总结出一套较为成熟的工作体系,并建立了中国红十字会的国家器官捐献管理中心。2013年2月25日,原国家卫生部与中国红十字会正式在全国范围内开展了公民逝世后自愿器官捐献,所有器官移植医院必须获得卫生行政部门的授权,建立器官获取组织(OPO)和器官捐献办公室。同年8月,原国家卫生和计划生育委员会出台了《人体捐献器官获取与分配管理规定(试行)》,明确要求各移植医疗机构,严格使用中国人体器官分配与共享计算机系统实施器官分配,任何机构、组织和个人不得在器官分配系统外擅自分配捐献器官,确保人体捐献器官公开、公正、公平、可溯源地分配,并在移植界发布了“杭州决议”。2013年12月19日,中央办公厅、国务院办公厅下发《关于党员干部带头推动殡葬改革的意见》,“鼓励党员、干部去世后捐献器官或遗体”。根据党的十八届四中全会“依法治国”的精神,2014年12月3日,国家人体器官捐献与移植委员会正式宣布全面禁止使用死囚器官,这项改革举措得到了全社会的热烈响应和国际移植社会的高度赞誉。“十年磨一剑”,我国经过改革逐步建立了包括器官捐献体系、器官获取与分配体系、器官移植医疗服务体系、器官移植质控体系及器官移植监管体系等五大器官捐献与移植体系,并在全社会大力弘扬器官捐献的大爱精神,公平、透明、阳光的公民自愿器官捐献的大气候正在全社会逐步形成。
健康是人类的共同追求,世界卫生与健康事业离不开中国持续不懈的努力,中国卫生与健康事业也需要其他国家的支持。近年来,我国逐步加强与各国的交流合作,全面展示了我国器官移植顶层设计、制度建设、法律法规及工作体系,并通过世界卫生组织全球器官移植监测网向国际社会提供有关数据及分析结果,公开透明展示我国人体器官捐献与移植工作成果。中国的改革得到了国际社会的认可和支持。从2006年开始,世界器官移植界就有专家来到中国进行帮助和指导,并与中国专家在国际器官移植权威杂志上共同发表了一系列推进改革的文章,包括2006年的“广州宣言”、2013年的“杭州决议”和2019年的“昆明宣言”,他们都见证了中国器官移植改革进程,实事求是又客观公正地认可中国器官移植改革所取得的进步。2016年8月,第26届世界器官移植协会年会在中国香港举行,这是首次在中国举行的世界器官移植大会。大会第一次邀请中国专家组团参会,黄洁夫教授在大会开幕式上作了大会主旨演讲,向全世界介绍了中国器官移植改革的十年历程。同年10月,中国器官移植发展基金会联合多家中外器官捐献移植机构共同主办,在北京人民大会堂金色大厅召开第一届“中国—国际器官捐献大会”,众多国际器官移植协会专家出席并共同见证了中国器官移植正式走向国际社会。2017年2月,中国受邀出席梵蒂冈教皇科学院“反对世界器官贩卖高峰论坛”,面对复杂的国际形势,我国参会代表实事求是地发出中国声音,讲好中国故事,并获得世界各国移植领袖的高度认可,器官捐献与移植的“中国方案”被世界卫生组织誉为“中国对世界移植的创新和贡献”。正如世界卫生组织移植特别工作委员会主席弗兰克·德尔莫尼教授在梵蒂冈会议上讲到,“你们的骨头也是我们的骨头,你们的进步也是我们的进步”,中国逐步融入了世界器官移植大家庭。世界卫生组织主管移植的官员约瑟·雷蒙·努涅斯教授说,“世界器官移植像一艘大船,中国以前不在船上,也不知道中国驶向何方,但从2015年后,中国已经站在了船的中央”。2018年3月,中国的器官移植改革经验在联合国与梵蒂冈教皇科学院共同举办的“践行伦理行动”会议上发表了会议宣言。会议上发布的“梵蒂冈教皇科学院践行伦理道德会议宣言”中提到:“中国模式的基本特征体现在中国政府持续改革的坚定决心,以及在黄洁夫教授领导下移植界专业人士与政府通力合作高效落实器官移植改革措施”。2018年5月,中国参加71届世界卫生大会器官移植边会,我国100多名移植专家出席了会议并在大会上,介绍了中国改革经验。世界卫生组织总干事谭德赛博士称赞并感谢中国为世界移植作出的贡献。同年8月,由中国提议建立的“世界卫生组织器官捐献与移植特别工作委员会”在西班牙马德里召开的第27届世界移植大会期间正式成立,31名专家共同组成的世界卫生组织移植特别工作委员会成员,有两位是中国专家,黄洁夫被聘为世界卫生组织移植顾问,中国开始为世界移植全球治理工作贡献中国智慧。
近年来,我国相继出台和建立了利于器官捐献的法规和机制。例如,2016年,国家交通、航空、铁路等六部门联合建立了器官转运的绿色通道,为拯救生命赢得宝贵时间;2017年5月,《中华人民共和国红十字会法》修订,明确要推动器官捐献工作,探索了慈善机构等开展人道主义救助机制。我国器官捐献和移植的数量和质量也得到快速发展。从2015年至2018年,我国器官捐献数量连续3年增加,增幅在22%~47.5%之间,2015年完成公民逝世后器官捐献2,766例;2016年完成公民逝世后器官捐献4,080例;2017年完成公民逝世后器官捐献5,146例;2018年,公民逝世后器官捐献达6,302例,再加上每年公民中亲属间的活体捐献2,200~2,500例,2018年共实施器官移植手术20,201例,移植手术总量居世界第二位,2019年始,国家卫生健康委员会明确,我国器官捐献与移植工作将由高速度增长转向高质量发展,坚持以供给侧结构性改革为主线,在积极推动捐献的同时,进一步优化器官移植临床服务质量布局,加强捐献、获取、分配管理力度,规范脑死亡判定流程,加强化解系统性风险的能力,在质的大幅度提升中实现量的有效增长,努力实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、可持续的发展。2019年完成公民逝世后器官捐献5,818例,2020年,即使因受到新冠病毒疫情影响,截至11月底我国也仍然实现公民逝世后器官捐献4,768例。器官移植医疗质量不断改善,1年与5年存活率已达到世界先进水平,不少器官移植创新技术也开始出现。如:自体肝移植、无缺血器官移植等器官移植技术实现国际领跑;供受者血型不相容肾脏移植技术得到突破;单中心儿童肝移植、心脏移植临床服务能力居世界前列;成立肺移植联盟;器官保存与供体器官维护技术不断改进;肝癌肝移植与乙肝肝移植临床经验已逐步得到国际认可等。经过多年不懈努力,我国器官捐献与移植事业取得快速发展,基本形成了科学公正、遵循伦理、符合我国国情和文化的器官捐献与移植工作模式,并成立了中国人体器官捐献与移植委员会,对器官捐献与移植工作进行顶层设计。目前,我国确定了人体器官捐献与移植工作的基本思路,形成了“政府主导、部门协作、行业推动、社会支持”的工作格局。
2019年10月,党的十九届四中全会明确提出坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的要求,我们将积极响应党的号召,提高器官移植改革的现代化进程,加强制度建设、体系建设与能力建设,勇敢、坚定地面对挑战,不断完善自己,维护得之不易的改革成果。我们将不懈努力,建设一个完善的并符合伦理和世界卫生组织准则的器官捐献与移植体系,努力攀登器官移植学科相关的科学技术高峰,积极推进“一带一路”器官捐献与移植国际合作,在国际社会展示一个负责任政治大国形象,为建设“人类命运共同体”作出应有的贡献。
本报告记录中国器官移植历史发展新阶段的成绩,将向世界展示中国器官移植改革经验与成果,中国器官移植发展基金会将每年组织编写并出版,实现中英文同时发布。
编 者
2020年12月
Preface
Organ transplantation is a major biomedical development in the 20th century. This technique has gradually matured from clinical experiments to clinical applications and has become an effective medical procedure for treating terminal organ failure. This has saved thousands of patients with organ failure and promoted biomedical science development in China. As organ transplantation requires organs for transplantation from either cadavers or living relatives, it involves social, religious, ethical, political, and legal problems and is intimately associated with a country’s traditional culture and socio-economic development.
Organ transplantation needs to take root in China’s traditional culture, matches China’s state of social development, and comply with globally recognized ethical principles. On March 16, 2006, the former Ministry of Health issued the “Interim Provisions on Clinical Application and Management of Human Organ Transplantation” (Ministry of Health [2006] No. 94) requiring transplantation hospitals to conduct technology access review, unify standards, and stringent management. In the same year, the National Human Organ Transplantation Clinical Application Management Summit was held in Guangzhou and medical staff in the transplantation community reformed the consensus on organ transplantation and issued the “Guangzhou Declaration”. This officially heralded the start of reorganization of national organ transplantation medical institutions. The Chinese government pays much attention to the development of human organ donation and transplantation. In May 2007, China’s first “Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation” (hereinafter referred to as “regulations” were officially promulgated by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. This symbolizes the gradual improvement in the construction of a human organ donation and transplantation working system in China. In the same year, the former Ministry of Health issued the “Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Health on the Issues concerning the Application by an Overseas Person for Human Organ Transplantation” (Ministry of Health [2007] No. 11) stipulating the foreign citizens are prohibited from coming to China for organ transplantation tourism. In 2010, the former Ministry of Health and the Red Cross Society of China jointly initiated the “Pilot Program for Organ Donation for Citizens after Death”. China’s social development stage and traditional culture were used as a basis to establish an organ donation mobilization and witness system in which the Red Cross Society of China is a third-party and international general rules and China’s condition were used to propose three types of death judgment criteria for organ donation after citizens have died: Class I (organ donation after brain death); Class II (organ donation after cardiac death); and Class III (organ donation after brain and cardiac death). This laid the theoretical foundation for determining voluntary organ donation after Chinese citizens have died. In 2011, China issued the “Amendment (VIII) to the Criminal Law” that strictly prohibits organ trading and added an “organ trading crime” to further strengthen the legalization of organ donation. In 2011, the China Organ Transplant Response System (COTRS) became operational online. A computer system is used for autonomous allocation with regional priority, critical condition priority, tissue type priority, child priority, matched blood type priority, priority for direct relative of organ donor, rare opportunity priority, waiting sequence priority, and other international organ procurement and allocation principles were complied and an organ donation coordination team was constructed in an orderly manner.
After more than 3 years of efforts, the pilot program achieved success and a more mature work system was developed and a national organ donation management center by the Red Cross Society of China was constructed. On 25 February 2013, the former Ministry of Health and the Red Cross Society of China officially launched voluntary organ donation by citizens after death at the national level. All organ transplantation hospitals must be authorized by the health administrative department to set up organ procurement organizations (OPOs) and organ donation offices. In August 2013, the former National Health and Family Planning Commission promulgated “Human Organ Procurement and Allocation Management Regulations (Interim)”, which required all transplantation medical institutions to strictly use COTRS for organ allocation. All institutions, organizations, and individuals are not allowed to allocate donated organs outside of the organ allocation system to ensure that donated human organs are allocated in an open, fair, equal, and traceable manner. In addition, the “Hangzhou Resolution” was announced in the transplantation community. On December 19, 2013, the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party and the General Office of the State Council issued the “Opinions on Party Members and Cadres in Leading Funeral Reform” that encouraged party members and cadres to donate organs and cadavers after death. According to the “Rule of Law” spirit of Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on December 3, 2014, the National Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee officially announced a complete ban in using organs from death row prisoners. This reform received a positive response from the whole of society and recognition from international transplantation societies. As the Chinese saying “It takes 10 years to forge a sword” goes, China has undergone reform to establish 5 major organ donation and transplantation systems (organ donation system, organ procurement and allocation system, organ transplantation medical service system, organ transplantation quality control system, and organ transplantation monitoring system) and has greatly promoted a loving spirit of organ donation in society and a fair, transparent, and cheery atmosphere of voluntary organ donation by citizens has gradually developed in the whole of society.
Health is a common goal of mankind and China’s continuous efforts are indispensable to global hygiene and health. Hence, China’s hygiene and health also requires support from other countries. In recent years, China has gradually strengthened exchange and collaboration with many countries and comprehensively demonstrated the top-level design, system construction, laws and regulations, and working system of organ transplantation in China. In addition, China has provided relevant data and analysis results to the international community through the World Health Organization Global Organ Transplantation Monitoring Network and demonstrate China’s achievements in human organ donation and transplantation in an open and transparent manner. China’s reform has obtained recognition and support from the international community. Since 2006, international organ transplantation experts have provided assistance and guidance to China and jointly published a series of papers on reform with Chinese experts in authoritative international organ transplantation journals. These papers included the “Guangzhou Declaration” in 2006, “Hangzhou Resolution” in 2013, and “Kunming Declaration” in 2019. These experts have witnessed China’s organ transplantation reform, and recognized improvements achieved in China’s organ transplantation reform in a factual, objective, and fair manner. In August 2016, the 26th International Congress of The Transplantation Society was held in Hong Kong. This is the first Transplantation Society congress held in China, and this is the first time that the congress invited a Chinese expert team to participate in the congress. Professor Jiefu Huang gave the keynote speech during the opening ceremony of the congress and introduced China’s 10-year organ transplantation reform process to the world. In October 2016, the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation and many Chinese and international organ transplantation organizations jointly organized the 1st “China-International Organ Donation Congress” in the Gold Hall of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Many experts from institution organ transplantation societies attended the congress and witnessed the official entry of China’s organ transplantation into the international community. In February 2017, China was invited to participate in the “Summit on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism” organized by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. In the face of complex international situation, Chinese representatives factually presented China’s voice and narrated China’s story, which was widely recognized by leaders from many countries. The “Chinese protocol” for organ donation and transplantation was heralded by the World Health Organization as China’s innovation and contribution to transplantation in the world. During the summit, Professor Francis Delmonico, chairman of the WHO Task Force on Donation and Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues, mentioned that “Your bones are also our bones, your improvement is also our improvement” and China has gradually integrated into the large international organ transplantation community. Professor José Ramón Nú?ez, a medical officer in charge of transplantation at World Health Organization once said that “China wasn’t on the ship of world organ transplantation, and we had no idea where it headed. But after 2015, China has been standing in the center of the ship.” In March 2018, a declaration on China’s organ transplantation reform experience was released during the “Ethics in Action” meeting jointly organized by the United Nations and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. In the meeting, the “Pontifical Academy of Sciences Ethics in Action meeting declaration” mentioned that “The basic characteristics of the China model are demonstrated by the determination of the Chinese government in continuous reform and cooperation between transplantation experts led by Professor Jiefu Huang and the government: in efficient implementation of organ transplantation reform measures”. In May 2018, China participated in the 71st World Health Assembly and 100 transplantation experts from China attended the meeting and introduced China’s reform experience. The Director-General of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom praised and thanked China for its contributions to world transplantation. In August 2018, the WHO Task Force on Donation and Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues that China suggested to set up was officially formed at the 27th International Congress of The Transplantation Society, which was held in Madrid, Spain. 31 experts form this task force, of which 2 were from China. Jiefu Huang was nominated as a World Health Organization transplantation consultant and China has started contributing its knowledge for global governance of transplantation.
In recent years, China has successively promulgated and established regulations and systems for organ donation. For example, in 2016, 6 national departments such as the Ministry of Transport, Civil Aviation Administration, and National Railway Administration jointly set up a green channel for organ transportation to gain precious time to save lives. In May 2017, the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Red Cross Society” was revised to clearly promote organ donation and explore charity organizations and other humanitarian relief mechanisms. The quantity and quality of organ donations and transplantations in China is undergoing rapid development. From 2015 to 2018, the number of organ donations increased continuously at a rate of 22%-47.5%. In 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, the number of deceased organ donations was 2766, 4080, 5146, and 6302, respectively. In addition, there were 2200-2500 living relative donations every year. In 2018, 20201 organ transplantation surgeries were carried out, which was ranked second globally. In 2019, the National Health Commission mentioned that China’s organ donation and transplantation work will transition from rapid increase to high quality development and mainly focus on structural reform at the supply end. While aggressively promoting organ donation, organ transplantation clinical service quality layout will be further optimized; donation, procurement, and allocation management will be strengthened; the procedure for determining brain death will be regulated; and capabilities in reducing systematic risk will be strengthened to achieve effective growth in quantity while increasing quality. This will enable high quality, more efficient, fairer, and sustainable development. In 2019, 5813 deceased organ donations were completed. Up till November 2020, 4768 deceased organ donations were completed even though coronavirus disease 2019 affected donation. Organ transplantation medicine quality has continuously improved and the 1-year and 5-year survival rates have reached global advanced levels and many innovative organ transplantation techniques have emerged. Examples include: liver auto transplantation and non-ischemic organ transplantation, which China is leading internationally. Breakthroughs were also achieved in incompatible blood type renal transplantation. China's single-center pediatric liver transplantation and heart transplantation clinical services are also top in the world. China has also established a liver transplantation alliance and has made continuous improvements in organ storage and donor organ maintenance techniques. China’s clinical experience in liver cancer liver transplantation and hepatitis B liver transplantation have also gradually received international recognition. After many years of efforts, active progress was made in China’s organ donation and transplantation industry to basically form an organ donation and transplantation working model that is scientific and fair, complies with ethics, and in line with China’s condition and culture. The China National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee was set up for top-level design. The committee confirm the basic thought processes for human organ donation and transplantation work and established a “government-led, department-coordinated, industry-promoted, and society-supported” working model.
On October 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to maintain and improve China’s system of socialist characteristics and promote modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities. We will actively heed the call of the party, improve modernization in organ transplantation reform, strengthen system and capacity building, face challenges in a bold and steadfast manner, and continuously improve ourselves to protect reform achievements that were not easily obtained. We will strive to establish a complete organ donation and transplantation system that complies with ethics and World Health Organization principles, strive to reach the science and technology peak in organ transplantation medicine, actively promote “Belt and Road Initiative” international collaboration in organ donation and transplantation, and demonstrate a responsible major political country to the international community, and contribute to establishing a “Community with shared future for mankind”.
This report records the achievements in the new phase of China’s organ transplantation history and development to demonstrate China’s organ transplantation reform experience to the world. Every year, the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation will draft new editions and both English and Chinese versions will be simultaneously released.
Editorial Committee
December, 2020
