Preface
Carbon materials have played important roles at every revolutionary development in science, engineering and technology; graphite electrode for steel refining at the first Industrial Revolution, carbon blacks for inks of printing and copying machines and for reinforcing tires of automobiles at the second Industrial Revolution, carbon electrodes for lithiumª²ion rechargeable batteries at the third Industrial Revolution, etc. Various carbon materials have provided some appropriate solutions for global problems on energy, environment and resources, being contributed to make our daily life comfortable.
The authors (M. Inagaki and F. Kang) have published three books on carbon materials in a series, entitled by ¡°Materials Science and Engineering of Carbons: Fundamentals, 2nd Edition¡±¡°Advanced Materials Science and Engineering of Carbons¡± and ¡°Materials Science and Engineering of Carbons: Characterization¡± from Elsevier and Tsinghua University Press. Successively, two books focused on graphene and porous carbons were published by the same publishers, entitled ¡°Graphene: Preparations, Properties, Applications and Prospects¡± and ¡°Porous Carbons: Syntheses and Applications¡± from the same publishers.
Now, all countries over the world have to collaborate to make supreme efforts to establish a lowª²carbon society by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases, represented by CO2, to make a half from the current level by 2050. Three philosophies have been proposed to take action to achieve lowª²carbon society, ¢Ù minimization of CO2 emission in all sectors, ¢Ú shifting toward a simpler and richer quality of life from massª²consumption society, and ¢Û maintaining and restoring natural environment by coexisting. In the materials science and technology, therefore, the assessment for CO2 emission over the whole life of the material (lifecycle assessment, LCA) is one of keen requirements, from raw materials to its final disposal through its manufacturing and usage. In carbon materials science and engineering, the production of carbon materials from biomass wastes is one of possibilities for approving lowª²carbon society by following aboveª²mentioned philosophies.
The fabrication of carbon materials from biomasses have been performed even since prehistoric age, while recently many papers on the derivation of carbon materials from various biomasses and their applications are published, probably affording lowª²carbon society. However, comprehensive understanding of biomassª²derived carbons seems not yet to be established, mainly because biomasses include numerous kinds and states.
The main purposes of this book are ¢Ù to collect numerous experimental results on syntheses and applications of biomassª²derived carbons, ¢Ú to classified and summarize the biomasses as carbon precursors, ¢Û to contribute the comprehensive understanding on the preparations and applications of biomassª²derived carbons, and ¢Ü to present some possibilities for the readers to get new ideas for effective usages of biomasses in the coming lowª²carbon society.
